Vaccines

Question 1

passive immunization

Answer 1

passive transfer of antibodies that can be used to provide SHORT term protection to an immunocompromised or naive animal

transfer of antibodies generated from an immunized animal

RAPID protection - gives antibody directly

Question 2

active immunization

Answer 2

transfer of a killed pathogen to an animal in order to generate antibodies in response

provides LONGER term protection

mounting own immune response is SLOW - takes longer

Question 3

what is the goal of vaccination

Answer 3

generate artificial memory

goal is to generate the same immune response to a pathogen as if the animal were naturally infected but without virulence

vaccine acts as the primary infection resulting in generation of effector T and B cells that are IMMEDIATELY infective

Question 4

viral neutralization

Answer 4

generation of high affinity IgG and IgA that block the virus from binding to cell surface receptors

Question 5

what are the components of the vaccine

Answer 5

requires all 3 signals for lymphocyte activation

Question 6

vaccine signal 1

Answer 6

antigen

either pathogen protein or entire organism

Question 7

vaccine signal 2

Answer 7

adjuvant providing co-stimulation

signals inflammation

Question 8

vaccine signal 3

Answer 8

adjuvant providing proper cytokine release (signals differentiation)

Question 9

do live attenuated vaccines require adjuvant

Answer 9

no - provides all 3 signals without an adjuvant because pathogen is active

Question 10

opsonization

Answer 10

antibodies coat the pathogen via the front end and bind to Fc receptors on macrophages via the back end leading to phagocytosis of pathogen

Question 11

depot effect

Answer 11

delaying release of antigen to the immune system

goal is to mimic a real infection - do not want antigen to only be present for a short time then get cleared too quickly

Question 12

how does adjuvant stimulate innate immune system

Answer 12

activates TLRs, CLRs, or cytosolic sensory receptors

initiates innate immune response required to yield an inflammatory response

Question 13

how does adjuvant get delivered into the cell cytosol

Answer 13

vaccine mimics and intracellular pathogen to induce an MHC I response

Question 14

alum adjuvant

Answer 14

very safe adjuvant; induces a strong antibody response but weak CD8 T cell response

antigen depot - antigens absorb aluminum salts and become particulate that slowly releases into solution

Question 15

MOA of alum adjuvant

Answer 15

1. alum binds lipids on DC surface
2. moves lipids around and triggers intracellular signaling pathway
3. activates DC to phagocytose the antigen in the vaccine
4. DC migrates to LN and provides signal 1, 2, 3 to activate T cells

Question 16

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 16

weakened form of the virus

• generates most appropriate immune response
• can be difficult to do safely

Question 17

killed pathogen vaccine

Answer 17

modified virus that has been inactivated

• less appropriate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses
• safer, will not cause disease

Question 18

inactivated toxoid vaccine

Answer 18

toxin produced by the virus that has been inactivated

• less appropriate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses
• safer, will not cause disease

Question 19

subunit/conjugated vaccine

Answer 19

proteins expressed by the pathogen that are not virulence factors

• can be effective if target antigens are known
• antibody response is critical

Question 20

spontaneous live attenuated vaccine

Answer 20

isolating the pathogenic virus on a cell culture from intended species and using it to infect a cell line of a related species –> virus mutates to infect new species –> virus no longer grows on original species cells

not controlled –> can not regulate what the mutations are and if they are safe or effective

viruses can revert back to original type

Question 21

recombinant DNA vaccine

Answer 21

modifying the virus by directly deleting the virulence gene from the genome

controlled version of spontaneous live attenuated vaccines
- ensures virus is unable to revert back
- requires a way that host cells can take up and use the foreign DNA

Question 22

DIVA vaccine

Answer 22

used to differentiate infected vs vaccinated animals

delete a nonessential gene in a vaccine strain –> inject into animal –> test antibodies on ELISA

Question 23

function of parabiosis

Answer 23

determine whether circulating or resident memory T cells are more important in response

Question 24

core vaccines

Answer 24

required vaccines for diseases with significant morbidity, mortality, wide distribution, or public health risk

required for all animals with known or unknown vaccination history

Question 25

non core vaccines

Answer 25

"elective" vaccines recommended based on geography, age and lifestyle recommended for at risk animals

Question 26

when do you start vaccinating puppies

Answer 26

6 to 8 weeks old

Question 27

window of susceptibility

Answer 27

period of time between 6 and 8 weeks of age during which the puppy has too much circulating maternal antibody that will block vaccines, but not enough to block viral infection want to vaccinate at start of window of susceptibility to include any outlier puppies - continue vaccinating regularly until circulating maternal antibodies falls to zero (15 weeks)

Question 28

minimum and maximum vaccination interval between boosters

Answer 28

minimum: 2 weeks maximum: 6 weeks need primary immune response to drop off before giving the second vaccine

Question 29

juvenile initial series

Answer 29

small animals: vaccinate every 3-4 weeks large animals: vaccinate every 4-6 weeks

Question 30

what age do you vaccinate until in juveniles

Answer 30

16-20 weeks old may require additional vaccine at 6 months or 1 year old

Question 31

adult initial series

Answer 31

used in adults w/ no or unknown vaccine history inactivated: every 2-3 weeks for 2-3 total vaccines live attenuated: one may be sufficient

Question 32

how often do you vaccinate post initial series

Answer 32

inactivated: annual (except rabies) live attenuated: every 2-3 years

Question 33

autogenous vaccines

Answer 33

taking a pathogen from a sick animal on specific farm and creating a vaccine from it to vaccinate healthy animals on that farm does not have as many safety checks - only use when there is either no appropriate vaccine available or available vaccine does not work

Question 34

vaccine failure

Answer 34

animal still gets clinical disease despite being vaccinated caused by: - vax during window of susceptibility - lack of booster vaccination - non-responder - overwhelming challenge - strain not covered - immunosuppressed animal

Question 35

expected adverse effects

Answer 35

side effects caused by generating a proper immune response general: lethargy, anorexia localized: pain, swelling, erythema, irritation, abscess, alopecia caused by innate response

Question 36

unexpected adverse effects

Answer 36

side effects caused by generating an improper immune response - allergic reactions - injection site sarcomas

Question 37

allergic reactions

Answer 37

anaphylaxis type I hypersensitivity that happens immediately