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MGY378 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

Phases in clinical testing of vaccine

A

Phase I, II, III

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2
Q

What are the steps after clinical trial?

A

I) wait for approval from FDA or other organizations
II) scale up production of vaccine
III) adminster vaccine —> develop immunity

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3
Q

Examples of non-live vaccines

A

Influenza, HBV, varicella, Covid

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4
Q

Types of influenza with medical attention

A

I) influenza A
II) influenza B

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5
Q

How long does influenza incubate for?

A

1-5 days

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6
Q

Examples of complications from influenza

A

Pneumonia, myocarditis

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7
Q

What are symptoms of influenza similar to?

A

Other upper respiratory infections

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8
Q

Ways develop to produce influenza vaccine

A

I) inactivated vaccines
II) live attenuated vaccines
III) recombinant HA vaccines

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9
Q

How does recombinant HA vaccine work?

A

Engineer baculovirus to express recombinant HA

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10
Q

How are influenza vaccines developed in 1936?

A

Embryonated eggs

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11
Q

Who proposed to use embryonated eggs for flu vaccine?

A

Jonas Salk, Thomas Francis Jr

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12
Q

How many flu viruses arae in one flu vaccine

A

Three or four
(Usually 2 from influenza A and 1/2 from influenza B)

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13
Q

Why should we get flu shot?

A

lower the risk of getting myocardial infarction if infected by influenza

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14
Q

Which age group has higher risk for HBV?

A

infants, child from 1 to 5 y/o

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15
Q

How was the first HBV vaccine developed?

A

I) obtain antigen directly infected ppl
II) used diff methods to deactivate and filter infectious HBV
III) able to isolate secreted HBV S antigen

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16
Q

When was the HBV S antigen found? And by who?

A

1963, Dr. Baruch Blumberg

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17
Q

Better method for HBV vaccine

A

I) express HBV S antigen on yeast
II) they then self assmeble into particles
III) these particles released from yeast and purified

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18
Q

Incubation period for HBV vaccine (Newer one)

A

6w to 6 months

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19
Q

How come HBV vaccine able to provide such long lasting protection?

A

Long incubation period
—> able to generated antibody levels above level needed for protection

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20
Q

What is the form of first varicella zoster virus vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

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21
Q

Why is the first vaccine for zoster not ideal?

A

cannot be used for immunocompromised individuals

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22
Q

Groups at risk of zoster

A

I) elderly
II) immunocompromised ones

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23
Q

Better version of VZV vaccine

A

Reombinant vaccine for shingles

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24
Q

How is newer of VZV vaccine administered?

A

Through muscle

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25
What mounts the immune response in shringles vaccine?
Purified VZV group E
26
Why is group E in VZV chosen to use in vaccine
Most abundant on surface of VZV and cells infected by VZV
27
What is the immune response mounted after getting this shingles vaccine
Memory T cells and antibody specific to gr E —> for ppl who have pre-existing immunity to VZV
28
Ways to deliver S antigen for covid vaccine
I) mRNA II) adenovirus vector that express S antigen III) deliver S antigen itself
29
How come covid vaccine took such little time to develop?
Lots of money used —> government funding allow each phase to proceed immediately after previous one
30
How come mRNA vaccines is a good way to present antigens?
Less side effects (Can be used for immunocompromised ppl)
31
What is used to check the efficacy of vaccines against new virus variants?
Plaque reduction neutralization test
32
What to do if neutralizing antibody levels fall over time?
Can do booster shots —> increase amount of antibodies
33
Immune components important for Covid vaccine
Memory B cells generated (high affinity) —> diverisity of them allow better response to variants (hybrid immunity)
34
What is a vaccine?
Biological product that induce an immune response that confers protection against infection or disease when you are subsequently exposed to pathogen
35
Two ways that vaccine lead to protection against a virus
I) mechanistic (specific, functional immune mechanism) II) non-mechanism (has statistical relationship with protection)
36
Example of mechanistic protection
Anti toxin antibodies for tetanus vaccine
37
Example of non-mechanistic protection from vaccine
Anti-S IgG for HBV
38
Difference between live and non-live vacines
I) Components: live has either attenuated virus or recombinant that express immunogenic proteins —> non live have purified proteins or inactivated wt virions II) infection: only occurs in live vaccine III) induced immune reponse: both form antibody against virus, but only live vaccine have cell-mediated immunity
39
Examples of live vaccines
Vaccinia, Polio, Ebola
40
How is variola transmitted?
Airborne, droplet, contact
41
Where does variola virus replicate?
Cytoplasm, different from other DNA viruses that do it inside nucleus
42
Symptoms of smallpox
Headache, rash, vomit, prostration
43
In how many places is variola virus found today?
2
44
What did edward jenner do for smallpox?
Did variolation by getting samples from cowpox patients —> inject into healthy ppl and see if it can protect against small pox
45
What is variolation
Dried scabs scratched into arm
46
What is the method preferred for most countries for variola?
Vaccination, variolation banned
47
When was smallpox declared eradicated?
1980
48
What is the origin for vaccine of smallpox?
Cowpox, maybe horsepox virus?? (Still unsure)
49
What is the beaugency lymph?
The source of cowpox used in many smallpox vaccines
50
Why horsepox might be origin for vaccinia?
I) cannot be identified from infection with vaccinia or cowpox II) low titers of infection in human —> no signs of disease
51
Are we getting closer to figure out mystery of vaccinia origin?
Not rlly —> modern sequencing: one Horsepox strain sharing common origin with all vaccinia strains (That horsepox resembles some smallpox vaccines)
52
Forms of polio vaccines
I) inactivated virions II) Oral
53
What is in inactivated virions for polio vaccine?
Wt virions (Type 1,3) treated with formalin to crosslink protein
54
How does inactivated polio vaccine protects individual?
antibody binds to polio —> unable to infect cells in CNS
55
Key mutation acquired in oral vaccine for polio?
Affect IRES —> poor replication of virus —> can stimulate sufficient levels of humoral and cell-mediated immunity
56
How does oral vaccine for polio mount immune reponse?
Polio virus infect cells in intestine -> make progeny virus excreted in stool
57
How does oral vaccine for polio protect ppl against the virus?
I) for progeny virus, only replicate inefficiently that infected cells are destroyed in CNS II) if wildtype contacted, mucosal antibody binds to virus to prevent infection
58
Who invented inactivated virions for polio vaccine
Salk
59
Who invested oral polio vaccine
Sabin
60
How is oral vaccine for polio generated
Attenuation through lots of passages (for each strain: 1 to 3)
61
How would someone get vaccine derived polio?
If unvaccinated individuals in contact with ppl taking oral polio vaccine
62
How does canadian made ebola vaccine work?
VSV expressing ebola glycoprotein
63
Efficacy of canadian made ebola vaccine
95 to 100% in west africa
64

MGY378 (13 decks)

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