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MGY378 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Phases in clinical testing of vaccine

A

Phase I, II, III

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2
Q

What are the steps after clinical trial?

A

I) wait for approval from FDA or other organizations
II) scale up production of vaccine
III) adminster vaccine —> develop immunity

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3
Q

Examples of non-live vaccines

A

Influenza, HBV, varicella, Covid

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4
Q

Types of influenza with medical attention

A

I) influenza A
II) influenza B

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5
Q

How long does influenza incubate for?

A

1-5 days

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6
Q

Examples of complications from influenza

A

Pneumonia, myocarditis

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7
Q

What are symptoms of influenza similar to?

A

Other upper respiratory infections

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8
Q

Ways develop to produce influenza vaccine

A

I) inactivated vaccines
II) live attenuated vaccines
III) recombinant HA vaccines

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9
Q

How does recombinant HA vaccine work?

A

Engineer baculovirus to express recombinant HA

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10
Q

How are influenza vaccines developed in 1936?

A

Embryonated eggs

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11
Q

Who proposed to use embryonated eggs for flu vaccine?

A

Jonas Salk, Thomas Francis Jr

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12
Q

How many flu viruses arae in one flu vaccine

A

Three or four
(Usually 2 from influenza A and 1/2 from influenza B)

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13
Q

Why should we get flu shot?

A

lower the risk of getting myocardial infarction if infected by influenza

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14
Q

Which age group has higher risk for HBV?

A

infants, child from 1 to 5 y/o

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15
Q

How was the first HBV vaccine developed?

A

I) obtain antigen directly infected ppl
II) used diff methods to deactivate and filter infectious HBV
III) able to isolate secreted HBV S antigen

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16
Q

When was the HBV S antigen found? And by who?

A

1963, Dr. Baruch Blumberg

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17
Q

Better method for HBV vaccine

A

I) express HBV S antigen on yeast
II) they then self assmeble into particles
III) these particles released from yeast and purified

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18
Q

Incubation period for HBV vaccine (Newer one)

A

6w to 6 months

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19
Q

How come HBV vaccine able to provide such long lasting protection?

A

Long incubation period
—> able to generated antibody levels above level needed for protection

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20
Q

What is the form of first varicella zoster virus vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

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21
Q

Why is the first vaccine for zoster not ideal?

A

cannot be used for immunocompromised individuals

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22
Q

Groups at risk of zoster

A

I) elderly
II) immunocompromised ones

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23
Q

Better version of VZV vaccine

A

Reombinant vaccine for shingles

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24
Q

How is newer of VZV vaccine administered?

A

Through muscle

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25
Q

What mounts the immune response in shringles vaccine?

A

Purified VZV group E

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26
Q

Why is group E in VZV chosen to use in vaccine

A

Most abundant on surface of VZV and cells infected by VZV

27
Q

What is the immune response mounted after getting this shingles vaccine

A

Memory T cells and antibody specific to gr E
—> for ppl who have pre-existing immunity to VZV

28
Q

Ways to deliver S antigen for covid vaccine

A

I) mRNA
II) adenovirus vector that express S antigen
III) deliver S antigen itself

29
Q

How come covid vaccine took such little time to develop?

A

Lots of money used
—> government funding allow each phase to proceed immediately after previous one

30
Q

How come mRNA vaccines is a good way to present antigens?

A

Less side effects
(Can be used for immunocompromised ppl)

31
Q

What is used to check the efficacy of vaccines against new virus variants?

A

Plaque reduction neutralization test

32
Q

What to do if neutralizing antibody levels fall over time?

A

Can do booster shots
—> increase amount of antibodies

33
Q

Immune components important for Covid vaccine

A

Memory B cells generated (high affinity)
—> diverisity of them allow better response to variants (hybrid immunity)

34
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Biological product that induce an immune response that confers protection against infection or disease when you are subsequently exposed to pathogen

35
Q

Two ways that vaccine lead to protection against a virus

A

I) mechanistic (specific, functional immune mechanism)
II) non-mechanism (has statistical relationship with protection)

36
Q

Example of mechanistic protection

A

Anti toxin antibodies for tetanus vaccine

37
Q

Example of non-mechanistic protection from vaccine

A

Anti-S IgG for HBV

38
Q

Difference between live and non-live vacines

A

I) Components: live has either attenuated virus or recombinant that express immunogenic proteins
—> non live have purified proteins or inactivated wt virions
II) infection: only occurs in live vaccine
III) induced immune reponse: both form antibody against virus, but only live vaccine have cell-mediated immunity

39
Q

Examples of live vaccines

A

Vaccinia, Polio, Ebola

40
Q

How is variola transmitted?

A

Airborne, droplet, contact

41
Q

Where does variola virus replicate?

A

Cytoplasm, different from other DNA viruses that do it inside nucleus

42
Q

Symptoms of smallpox

A

Headache, rash, vomit, prostration

43
Q

In how many places is variola virus found today?

A

2

44
Q

What did edward jenner do for smallpox?

A

Did variolation by getting samples from cowpox patients
—> inject into healthy ppl and see if it can protect against small pox

45
Q

What is variolation

A

Dried scabs scratched into arm

46
Q

What is the method preferred for most countries for variola?

A

Vaccination, variolation banned

47
Q

When was smallpox declared eradicated?

A

1980

48
Q

What is the origin for vaccine of smallpox?

A

Cowpox, maybe horsepox virus?? (Still unsure)

49
Q

What is the beaugency lymph?

A

The source of cowpox used in many smallpox vaccines

50
Q

Why horsepox might be origin for vaccinia?

A

I) cannot be identified from infection with vaccinia or cowpox
II) low titers of infection in human
—> no signs of disease

51
Q

Are we getting closer to figure out mystery of vaccinia origin?

A

Not rlly
—> modern sequencing: one Horsepox strain sharing common origin with all vaccinia strains
(That horsepox resembles some smallpox vaccines)

52
Q

Forms of polio vaccines

A

I) inactivated virions
II) Oral

53
Q

What is in inactivated virions for polio vaccine?

A

Wt virions (Type 1,3) treated with formalin to crosslink protein

54
Q

How does inactivated polio vaccine protects individual?

A

antibody binds to polio
—> unable to infect cells in CNS

55
Q

Key mutation acquired in oral vaccine for polio?

A

Affect IRES
—> poor replication of virus
—> can stimulate sufficient levels of humoral and cell-mediated immunity

56
Q

How does oral vaccine for polio mount immune reponse?

A

Polio virus infect cells in intestine
-> make progeny virus excreted in stool

57
Q

How does oral vaccine for polio protect ppl against the virus?

A

I) for progeny virus, only replicate inefficiently that infected cells are destroyed in CNS
II) if wildtype contacted, mucosal antibody binds to virus to prevent infection

58
Q

Who invented inactivated virions for polio vaccine

A

Salk

59
Q

Who invested oral polio vaccine

A

Sabin

60
Q

How is oral vaccine for polio generated

A

Attenuation through lots of passages (for each strain: 1 to 3)

61
Q

How would someone get vaccine derived polio?

A

If unvaccinated individuals in contact with ppl taking oral polio vaccine

62
Q

How does canadian made ebola vaccine work?

A

VSV expressing ebola glycoprotein

63
Q

Efficacy of canadian made ebola vaccine

A

95 to 100% in west africa

64
Q
A

MGY378 (13 decks)

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