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Vaccines Flashcards

possible question: discuss current concepts of vaccines. Learn different T cells etc. (86 cards)

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1
Q

Immunisation

A

act of making someone. something immune to a particular disease

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2
Q

Vaccination

A

deliberate induction of adaptive immune response by injecting a vaccine (dead or attenuated - nonpathogenic) form of the pathogen

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3
Q

Immunological Memory

A

Ability of immune system to generate more rapid and more effective responses to antigens previously encountered

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4
Q

Memory Cells (B cells)

A

initial expansion of antigen specific cells -
some progeny don’t divide or develop to plasma cells
revert to small lymphocytes with same BCR as ancstors

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5
Q

Somatic hypermutation

A

alterations in variable regions of light and heavy chains of memory cells - random
increase affinity 1000x

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6
Q

Features of memory B cells (6)

A 
Long lived
Increased frequency
proliferate more rapidly
produce more antibody
produce higher affinity antibody
produce antibodies with better effector functions (IgG/IgA)
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7
Q

Memory T cells features (3)

A

long lived
high frequency
proliferate more rapidly

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8
Q

Memory T cells express

A

low levels of L-selectin not home to lymph nodes and so stay in circulation
CD450R associated with TCR and CD4 co-receptor
more effective transduce signal than naive

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9
Q

Naive T cell express

A

CD45RA - not associate with TCR

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10
Q

Vaccine must… (4)

A

Activate antigen presenting cells to process antigens and produce cytokines
Activate T and B cells, giving high yield memory cells
Generate T cells to several epitopes (parasite variation)
Provide constant and long lasting source of antigenin lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

Natural active

A

natural infection

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12
Q

Artificial active

A

immunisation

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13
Q

Natural Passive

A

Placental transfer IgG

Maternal IgA - colostrol transfer

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14
Q

Artificial Passive

A

human/animal IgG normal or immune
pooled specific immunoglobulin
animal sera (snake venom) anti- toxins/venoms

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15
Q

Passive immunisation - Passive Transfer

A

transfer specific high titre antibody from immune donor to non-immune

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16
Q

Passive Immunisation - Adoptive Transfer

A

transfer immune cells from immune donor

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17
Q

Passive Immunisation

A

immediate

transient - only last up to 6 months

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18
Q

Neonatal protection

A

trough at 3-6 months - decline maternal IgG, child’s still rising

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19
Q

Active Immunisation - vaccine types (5)

A 
Live attenuated
Killed
Sub-unit
Conjugate
Recombinant
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20
Q

Requirements of effective vaccine (8)

A 
Safe
High level protection
Long-lasting protection
Right response type (local/systemic) (Ab/CMI)
Low cost
stable
easy administration
minimal SE
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21
Q

Killed Vaccine Examples (4)

A

Salk
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Typhoid
cholera

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22
Q

Killed vaccine features (3)

A

important antigens must survive
possible SE
use formaldehyde to kill

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23
Q

Advantages of killed vaccine

A

stable in storage

not cause disease through residual virulence

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24
Q

Live Vaccines examples (6)

A 
Mumps
Measles
Rubella
Oral polio (sabin)
BCG
Yellow fever
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25
Live vaccines feature
cold attenuated | host range mutants
26
Live vaccine positives (4)
single dose natural route admission local and systemic immunity right response type
27
Live vaccine negatives (4)
Reversion to virulence contamination susceptible to inactivation disease in immunocompromised
28
Recombinant sub-unit example
``` Hepatits B (first) protect against natural infection ```
29
purified sub-unit
purified component of pathogen
30
purified sub-unit example
Haemophilus Influenza B --> meningitis or pneumonia purified capsular polysaccharides purified haemagglutinin and neuraminidase
31
Conjugate example
Haemophilus vaccine conjugated to tetanus or diptheria toxoid
32
Conjugate mechanism
b cell bind polysaccharide and internalise and present peptide to T cells, B cell produce relevant antibody
33
Children not respond to polysaccharide antigen
link polysaccharide to protein (tetanus toxoid) to gain T cell dependent response presents protein and stimulated to produce antibody to polysaccharide
34
Right type of immunity
HIV --> CTL | more harm than good otherwise
35
Cytosol - virus response
cytotoxic CD8
36
Macrophage vesicles response
TH1
37
Extracellular fluid response
TH2
38
Adjuvants
enhance immune response keep store of antigen in individual immunostimulatory response e.g. alum better for antibody than cell mediated
39
NEW DNA vaccines
Injected with DNA encoding antigen
40
DNA vaccine plasmid
``` antigen expression unit produciton unit (amplification) ```
41
Plasmid delivery (3) and best place
intradermal intravenous intramuscular skin and mucous membranes best - high conc dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes
42
Gene Gun (biolistic)
sticky DNA to gold | accelerated by partial vacuum
43
Gene pathway for DNA vaccine
transcribed and translated into peptide binds MHC 1 presented to CD8+ T cell (virus)
44
DNA vaccine into Dendrtic
CD4+ (T helper) and CD8+
45
DNA vaccine advantages (6)
``` Induce humoral and cell mediated antigens resemble native viral epitopes Produced quick Many differemt antigens in one dose Improper folding not a problem cheaper ```
46
DNA vaccine Negatives
Cannot substitute for polysaccharide vaccines - outer caspid extended immunostim --> chronic inflammation some antigens require processing
47
DNA tatooing
naked plasmid with thousands of punctures - multiple needle device affects local cells in murine skin - strong specific response
48
Dengue in mice
DNA vaccine used to immunise Serum from immunised mice reacts with all 4 serotypes inhibited infection of naive cells
49
DNA vaccine looking to treat
cancer and virus | poor immunogenicity so far
50
Dendritic cells
main APC - broad range of effector cells | important in tumour specific immune response
51
Dendritic cells location and function
Immature - mucosal etc. - where efficiently phagocytose microbes, particulate antigens + take up soluble antigen move to 2ndry lymphoid tissue and mature - present antigen to T cells
52
DC Antigen take up
engulfment of apoptotic bodies macropinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis (mannose and Fc - CD32/64
53
DC source
CD34+ blood/bone marrow precursors
54
Immature DC cultured with
IL-4 and GM-CSF | derived from monocytes
55
Mature DC cultured with
IL-4, GM-CSF derived from monocytes with IL1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha and PGE2
56
Antigen preparation
Peptides - specific tumour lysates - many antigens - not prefer T helper RNA transfection - many tumour epitopes to MHC I
57
Objective response rate
disease not progressed
58
CBR
Clinical Benefit Ration - objective response and stable disease
59
Trials into
glioma, melanoma | prolong life
60
Interstitial DC induce
ig secreting plasma cells and trigger diff of follicular helper T cells
61
Langerhan cells induce
cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
62
Reverse Vaccinology
genome sequence used to predict proteins location in organism surface - make protein - see response
63
Advantages of Reverse Vaccinology (5)
``` fast use organisms can;t grow rare antigens identified antigens not in-vitro non-structural proteins ```
64
Disadvantage of Reverse Vaccinology
Not use non proteinous antigens
65
Benign pre-malignant melanomas in cervial cancer
CIN - cervical intraepithelial neoplasia | 1-3 in severity
66
HPV vaccine | expensive
18 types associated with cervical cancer
67
HPV vaccine manufacture (2) | Gardasil
DNA free virus like particles VLP in yeast | express major caspid antigen L1 - strong response
68
HPV only works
prior to infection
69
HPV possible SE
Make room for similar viruses
70
Malaria (4)
Plasmodium species - protozoa, apicomplexa Transmitted by female anopheles mosquito sexual stage - mosquito asexual stage - vertebrate host - infect 4 species
71
Plasmodium falciparum
most common | more fulminent - coma and renal failure
72
Malaria symptoms
headache, muscle ache, lethargy fever - temp rise - shivering lasts 30 minutes returns 48hrs spleen and liver enlarge + anaemia
73
Malaria can relapse
store in liver | vivax and ovale
74
Malaria - pregnant
anaemia and reduced birth weight | death more common
75
Cerebral malaria (3)
sudden coma can be fatal can be more common in healthy
76
Falciparum fatal
cross blood brain barrier
77
Malaria lifecycle (5)
``` sporozoites travel to liver propagate in hepatocytes --> shizonts release merazoites - infect erythrocytes asexual reproduction in blood lysis of erythrocyte and infect RBC ```
78
Malaria life cycle sexual stage (4)
Merazoites form male and female gametoytes - circulate taken up in new mosquito fuse into zygote and penetrate gut membrane --> oocyst divides and release sporozoites - travel to salivary gland
79
Different vaccine (3)
Pre-erythorcyte - block stages in hepatocytes Blood stage - no disease, organisms still present Transmission blocking - works in mosquito
80
Pre-erythocytic vaccine
protect and prevent invasion (30mins) radiation-attenuated sporozoites CD8+ Tcell response
81
Blood Stage Vaccine
Stops symptoms | work on naive population not one already exposed
82
Transmission Blocking Vaccine
Target sexual stage specific molecules not yet effective enough conjugate - detoxified exoprotein act as adjuvant
83
HIV Vaccine types being developed (not essential)
``` peptide epitope DNA recombinat viral protein live vector pseudovirions ```
84
Tuberculosis Vaccine
BCG - live attenuated - mycobacterium bovis | good in children
85
Blocking hypothesis
prior sensitisation to prior mycobacterium provide protection but not against TB and impairs BCG
86
Ideal new TB vaccine
Given at birth transmitting blocking - decrease sputum smears therapeutic vaccine used with therapy - shorten treatment induce strong cell mediated

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