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Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

administration of preformed antibody in order to give temporary protection against infection
- no memory immunity established

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2
Q

What is an example of passive immunization that occurs in all humans?

A

Antibodies of maternal origin provide the newborn with a measure of protective systemic and local immunity
- mainly IgG and IgA (via breastfeeding)

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3
Q

what 2 sources can be used for pooled gamma globulin ?

A

immunized horses or humans

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4
Q

How many approved monoclonal antibody drugs are there on the market? names?

A

only one

- called Synagis®, palivizumab

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5
Q

What can result from repeated administration of gamma globulin from foreign species? what is made?

A

systemic anaphylaxis due to a Type 1 hypersensitivity

  • IgE is made against the foreign protein
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6
Q

an IgG or IgM response to foreign antigen can result in…

A

serum sickness (type III) due to immune complex deposition

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7
Q

What can human gamma globulin trigger? what types of hypersensitivities?

A

anti-allotypic antibody response resulting in Type I or Type III
hypersensitivity

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8
Q

What is an anti-allotypic response?

A

An antibody response against the Fc portion of foreign antibody

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9
Q

What is the point of active immunization

A

generate protective immunity and immunologic memory so that a subsequent exposure to the pathogen will stimulate a vigorous immune response

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10
Q

through what two ways can you achieve active immunization?

A
  1. natural infection

2. vaccination

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11
Q

What is heard immunity? what does it rely on? who is it designed to protect?

A

Indirect protection from infectious disease due to a large percent of the population becoming immune to infection (through immunization mainly)

Relies on at least 90% of the population being immunized

Protects people who cannot be immunized
-Newborns, pregnant or breast feeding women, immune compromised people

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12
Q

What are the 2 things that must be induced by a vaccine in order to effectively stimulate the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. B cell/humoral response
    - make antibodies specific for the pathogen to neutralize and opsonize etc.
  2. T cell/cell mediated response
    - cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells and prevent spread of infection
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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and reacting with the products of that response

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14
Q

If the incubation period of a disease is short, it is important to..?

A

maintain high levels of antibody by repeated immunizations

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15
Q

What 4 things should antigens used for vaccines be?

A

safe, stable, readily available, cheap

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16
Q

Only which type of cells need to be activated in order to generate a protective DTH response against TB?

A

Th1 cells

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17
Q

Poliovirus vaccines need to contain..

A

both B and T cells epitopes to generate humoral immunity in the form of secretory IgA

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18
Q

In order to induce protective immunity against measels virus…

A

the pathogen must be allowed to undergo limited replication in host cells for viral antigen to be presented via class I MHC to precursor CTL

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19
Q

what is the concept of live related vaccines?

A
  • Immunize with a closely related but much less pathogenic
    organism
  • Count on immunologic cross-reaction in response
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20
Q

What are 2 examples of live related vaccines?

A

cowpox for smallpox

L. major for L. donovani

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21
Q

What are 3 positives for live related vaccines?

A

very strong protection persistent antigen source, lots of antigens available

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22
Q

what are 2 negatives for live related vaccines?

A

risk of serious infection, lack of available non-pathogenic relatives to common human pathogens

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23
Q

What is the concept of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Weaken pathogenicity/growth ability of a pathogen

Allows for activation of immune response but not disease

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24
Q

How can you achieve attenuation?

A

chemical treatment, radiation, or molecular manipulation

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25
Q

what are 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

MMRV, Flumist (inhalant flu vaccine) and oral polio vaccine (Sabin)

26
Q

What 4 positives for live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Persistence
  • full spectrum of antigens - both humoral and cell mediated immunity activated
  • limited boosting required
27
Q

What 2 negatives for live attenuated vaccines

A
  • risk of disease if the pathogen reverts back

- require careful storage and handling

28
Q

what is the concept of inactivated vaccines?

A
  • pathogens that have been heat or chemically killed

- unable to replicate but maintain antigenic constitution

29
Q

What is the split virus method?

A

pathogen particles are inactivated then disrupted with detergent or ether to minimize irritation

30
Q

What are 2 examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

IPV (Salk polio vaccine)

Seasonal flu

31
Q

What are 2 positives for inactivated vaccines

A

Very safe

wide spectrum of antigens

32
Q

what are 6 potential negatives for inactivated vaccines?

A
  • no persistance
  • limited cell mediated immunity generated
  • often require an adjuvant
  • boosting often required
  • antigens may be damaged during pathogen killing
  • very rare: incomplete activation of pathogen can lead to disease
33
Q

What is the concept of Sub unit vaccines?

A

Isolate a protein or make a recombinant protein from a pathogen

Deliver it with an adjuvant
- often alum

34
Q

What are 2 examples of subunit vaccines?

A

Tdap/DTaP and seasonal flu

35
Q

What are 3 positives for sub unit vaccines?

A
  • very safe
  • easily stored/transported
  • can be used for organisms that produce fatal toxins
36
Q

What are 5 negatives for subunit vaccines?

A
  • weak immunogens
  • require adjuvant
  • need boosting
  • no spectrum of antigens
  • no persistance
37
Q

What is the concept around polysaccharide conjugate vaccines? when are they used

A
  • Link polysaccharide to protein for T dependent antibody
    production
  • T cells are activated by peptide, not polysaccharide
  • Used for organisms that have surface polysaccharide coats
38
Q

What are 2 examples of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines?

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate to Diphtheria toxoid,

Hib vaccine

39
Q

What is a positive for conjugated polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Activates good antibody response to polysaccharide residues

40
Q

What are 2 negatives for conjugated polysaccharide vaccines?

A

weakly immunogenic

limited induction of cell mediated immunity

41
Q

What is the main concept of virus like particle vaccines?

A

construct multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses
- lack the genome

42
Q

What are 2 examples of virus like particle vaccines?

A 
HPV vaccines (Gardasil®, Cervarix®)
Hepatitis B (Engerix®)
43
Q

What are 4 pros to virus like particle vaccines?

A
  • safe, no risk of infection
  • wide spectrum of antigens
  • activated cell mediated and humoral immunity
  • quick to manufacture
44
Q

What are 5 negatives to virus like particle vaccines?

A
  • complete viral genome sequencing required
  • complex manufacturing process
  • immunogenicity can vary depending on culture conditions
  • may require and adjuvant
  • no persistence (need boosting)
45
Q

What two vaccine requirements drive novel vaccine technologies?

A

safety and efficacy

46
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen

47
Q

what do adjuvants stimulate

A

the innate immune recognition of an antigen

48
Q

What do some antigens have to activate the innate immune response?

A

Molecular defined structures that mimic PAMPs or DAMPs and stimulate the innate immune systems PRRs

49
Q

What is another form of adjuvant ? how does it work ?

A

oil/ liposome which prolongs stability and interactions of antigens with the immune system

50
Q

what are DNA vaccines based on?

A

plasmid DNA that encodes antigenic proteins

51
Q

Where are DNA vaccines injected into and what does it cause?

A

into the muscle of the recipient causes the proteins to be expressed by muscle cells and adjacent dendritic cells

52
Q

What kind of immunity do DNA vaccines induce? is it short or long lasting? why?

A

humoral and cell-mediated immunity that is long- lasting due to prolonged expression of the antigens

53
Q

How are recombinant vector vaccines produced?

A

inserting genes coding for the major antigens of a pathogen into attenuated viruses or bacteria

54
Q

What is a commonly used virus for viral vectored vaccines?

A

Vaccina

55
Q

What virus was used to develop an Ebola vaccine

A

VSV

56
Q

What are peptide based vaccines made using?

A

Smallest synthetic epitope that can generate an immune response
- for t cells this is 9-10 amino acids

57
Q

What is required for peptide based vaccines?

A

adjuvants and formulations

58
Q

What is the relative level of safety of peptide based vaccines?

A

highest level of safety

59
Q

What are peptide based vaccines commonly used to target? what response?

A

T cell responses

- common in cancer immunology

60
Q

What are the two types of cancer vaccines?

A
  1. Prophylactic

2. Therapeutic

61
Q

What do prophylactic cancer vaccines usually target? whats an example?

A

infections that have been
shown to cause cancer
-Guardasil (HPV)

62
Q

What do therapeutic cancer vaccines target?

A

target the cancer/tumour at its most vulnerable (ie. After surgery and chemo) - treat with a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to keep the tumor in remission

Immunology (19 decks)

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