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FMS Week 10 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Disadvantages of subunit vaccines

A

often poorly immunogenic without adjuvants

polysaccharide antigens elicit T independent responses

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2
Q

What type of vaccine is

measels

A

live attenuated

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3
Q

Adjuvants

A

agents that enhance the immunity induced by vaccines

1) can enhance translocation of antigen to lymphoid tissues
2) provide physical protection to antigens, allowing a more prolonged exposure to the immune system
3) often provoke local immune reactions at the site of immunization, usually through interactions with innate immune receptors such as TLRs

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4
Q

Herd immunity

A

reduces the spread of disease

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5
Q

Classical vaccine strategies

A

live attenuated

inactivated

subunit

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6
Q

What type of vaccine is

rubella

A

live attenuated

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7
Q

What type of vaccine is

HPV

A

virus like particle

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8
Q

disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

A

risk of incomplete inactivation
rabies, polio, FDM inactivation failures

requires a system to grow virus

manufacture requires handling of large volumes of virulent pathogen

manufacture often expensive

inactivation may alter immunogenicity
(1960s RSV vaccine)

requires boosting

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9
Q

Advantages of subunit vaccines

A

can induce specific immune responses against molecules involved in virulence/pathogenesis

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10
Q

Disadvantages of virus like particles

A

may require multiple doses (recent data says maybe not)

induces a limited immune response (to ssurface antigens)

can be expensive to manufacture

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11
Q

Virus like particle vaccines

A

consist of viral structureal proteins that, when overexpressed, spontaneously self-assemble into particles that are indistinguishable from infectious virus.

VLPs do not contain viral nucleic acis and are, therefore, not infectious

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12
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

consists of purified components derived from pathogen

toxins

polysacchardies derived from bacterial capsule

vira surface antigens

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13
Q

Examples of DNA vaccines

A

None FDA approved

JEV in australia

Zika trials

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14
Q

DNA viruses

A

Injection of DNA coding for target molecule. The gene can be introduced using a viral vector, or can be injected as naked DNA. Once the DNA enters the cell, the target antigen is expressed at high levels. The antigen is then:

1) processed for presentation by MHC, leading to teh induction of T cell responses

and or

2) secreated, leading to the induction of Ab responses

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15
Q

What type of vaccine is

hep a

A

inactivated whole pathogen

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16
Q

subunit vaccines against polysaccharides

A

now obsolete

high IgM

low IgG

weak memory response

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17
Q

Consequences of immunization

A

circulating antibody in the serum

increased frequency of pathogen specific B and T cells (memory cells)

rapid response to infection.

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18
Q

Safety of various vaccine types

the less alive…

A

the safer

Least
live attenuated
inactivated
isolated pathogen components
recombinant proteins and VLPs
DNA

MOST

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19
Q

What type of vaccine is

flumist

A

live attenuated

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20
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

consists of purified components of a pathogen(hapten) linked to a higly immunogenic carrier (such as inactivated bacterial toxins)

allows for a T-dependent antibody response

often referred to a hapten conjugated to a carrier

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21
Q

What type of vaccine is

varicella

Study These Flashcards
A

live attenuated

22
Q

What type of vaccine is

sabin polio

Study These Flashcards
A

live attenuated

23
Q

What type of vaccine is

haemophilus influenza serotype B (HIB)

Study These Flashcards
A

conjugate vaccine

purified pollysaccharide from

24
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

Study These Flashcards
A

live pathogens that replicate in the host but do not cause diseqase because the pathogen has been mutated to a non pathogenic form

measels

varicella

sabin polio

mumps

rubella

flumist

25
Methods of attenuation
repeated passage in a different species repeated passage in cell lines repeated passage in cold genetic reassortment with attenuated genes deletion of mutation of genetic sequences use of natrually occuring nonpathogenic relative
26
What type of vaccine is salk polio
inactivated whole pathogen
27
What are vaccines
harmless agents that elicit adaptive immune response
28
Common adjuvants
alum mineral oil squalene TLR agonists (MPL(acts on TLR4) and CpG)
29
Consequences of attenuation
a less fit pathogen with modified tropism gene expression immunogenicity and/or ability to replicate
30
What type of vaccine is pneumococcus
conjugate purified pollysaccharide
31
Recombinant DNA technology of vaccines
subunit conjugate virus like particles DNA
32
Advantages of DNA vaccines
inexpensive to manufacture vaccines are often highly stable quick development time
33
What type of vaccine is influenza
Inactivated whole pathogen
34
Benefit of T cell dependent responses (protein or protein conjugate vaccine)
Strong IgG memory response effective in children
35
disadvantages of DNA vaccines
effectiveness unclear may be more effective in generated cell-mediated immune response (for therapeutic vaccines) safety unclear likely require multiple doses and multiple delivery platforms
36
What are appropriate targets for vaccination against viruses
B cell to make antibody: protection against infection prophylactic therapeutic? Making CD8 Tcells: eradication of established infection prophylactic? therapeutic
37
Advantages of inactivated vaccines
reversion not an issue multiple antigens present
38
What type of vaccine is diptheria
subunit
39
Emerging trends in vaccines
``` 1)Novel delivery systems Mucosal delivery( skin patches, microneedles, aerosol) ``` 2) Novel adjuvants activators of innate immunity TLRs (CpG oligonucleotides, others) Targeting of specific cell types (B cells, mucosal cells) 3) emerging infectious diseases rapid production of vaccines to face emerging threats 4) non-traditional vaccine targets self molecules involved in diseases processes allergens substances of abuse (ex nicotine, concaine)
40
Immunogenicity of the various types of vaccines the less alive
the less immunogenic
41
Advantages of live attenuated vaccines
highly immunologic, stimulates a broad immune response (innate and adaptive) all antigens are expressed (multiple targets) usually effective with a single dose often inexpensive to manufacture
42
Advantages of virus like particle vaccines
excellent safety profile does not rely on ability to grow pathogen highly immunogenic due to repetative structure inside of particle can be modified with adjuvants
43
What are appropriate targets for vaccination extracellular bacteria
B cells to make antibodoes can fn in complement, neutralization, opsonization most modern vaccines against bacteria target capsular polysaccharides CD4+ T cells also vaccines target bacterial toxins, and induce neutralizing antibodies
44
What type of vaccine is tetanus
sunbunit
45
Disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines
can revert back to pathgenic form polio virus nigeria sept 07 requires a system to grow virus potential contamination (SV40 (can transform cells) in polio vaccine) can be dangerous in immunodeficient or pregnant individuals
46
inactivated whole pathogen vaccines
preparations of normal, infectious pathogen that have been inactivated, usually by treatment of chemical agent Salk polio Influenza Hep A
47
48
What type of vaccine is meningococcus
conjugate
49
Vaccine reactions
immediate (within 24 hours) vs delayed (14-28 days) generalized systemic reactions: fever, arthralgia, headache, fatugue, generalized rash local reaction: swelling, pain, erythema allergic: anaphylaxis, generalized urticaria (hives), dizziness, syncope, rate events and risk is minimized by screening (do you have any allergy to eggs) trasient thrombocytopenia (eg measels; immune mediated) rare reactions: guillain-barre syndrome, post vaccine encephalitis vaccine adverse evente reporting system (VAERS) national childhood vaccine injurty compensation act
50
What type of vaccine is mumps
live attenuated
51
What are appropriate targets for vaccination against intracellular bacteria
CTL responses probably most important there are no particularly effective vaccines against intracellular bacteria that are currently approved clinically
52
What type of vaccine is pertussis
subunit

FMS Week 10 (4 decks)

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