Vaccines and Immunotherapy Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is passive immunity?
Transfer of immunity by antiserum or purified antibodies; provides immediate but temporary protection
What is active immunity?
Induction of immune response by injection of antigen in an immunogenic form
What is a vaccination?
Deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine
What criteria need to be met for a vaccine to be effective?
Safe Protective Gives sustained protection Induces neutralizing antibodies Induces protective T cells Practical considerations (cost, ease, availability)
What are toxoids?
Inactive subunits of toxins (usually bacterial)
What is a subunit vaccine?
A component of a virus that predominantly induce an antibody response
What is a conjugate vaccine?
A vaccine that combines a polysaccharide from bacterial cell membrane with a foreign protein
How do conjugate vaccines work?
By eliciting a T cell mediated antibody response to opsonize future bacteria with the same polysaccharide capsule
What is a killed vaccine?
Vaccines made with viruses unable to replicate
How do killed vaccines work?
The viruses are unable to replicate in the host cell so no MHC I receptor is produced on the surface of cells so no CD8+ response just antibody response
What are the two types of live vaccines?
Attenuated viruses so they cannot cause disease
Viruses that are similar to ones that affect humans but have no disease affect in human cells
How do live viruses work?
They replicate in host cells so they are exhibited on MHC I receptors for CD8+ cells to elicit response; cell specific humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
What are medically important uses for polyclonal antibodies?
Antivenin (source from horse for neutralizing antibodies)
Anti-lymphocyte globulin (Ig from horses immunized with human lymphocytes) used to treat acute graft rejection
What are medically important uses for monoclonal antibodies?
Treatment of lymphoma Treatment of advanced breast cancer Potent immunosuppression (kidney transplant rejection) Arthritis Anti-inflammatory used in rheumtoid
What is a chimeric antibody?
Using mouse variable region gene sequences and human C region sequences; cloned into mammalian cells that then secrete mAb
Why are chimeric antibodies used?
Mouse mAbs have mouse Fc regions so they do not always interact well with human complement or human Fc receptors also they may elicit production of anti-mouse Ig antibodies
What are humanized mAbs?
The use of mouse CDR sequences cloned into mammalian cells, which then express and secrete the mAb
What are recombinant cytokines?
Cytokine genes cloned into expressed and secreted by cell lines that allow for mass production
What are soluble receptors?
Soluble forms of key cytokine receptors; binds to to the soluble cytokines to induce a response
