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Immunology (aimen n) - use these > Vaccines: Bacterial & Viral > Flashcards

Vaccines: Bacterial & Viral Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Name examples of common vaccines

A 
Neisseria meningitidis group C, B and A, Y, W
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Influenza virus 
Tuberculosis (BCG)
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis 
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Polio, Hepatitis B,  HPV,  VZV
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2
Q

Give examples of travel vaccines

A

Travel vaccines: cholera, travellers diarrhoea, HepA, yellow fever, typhoid

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3
Q

What are some common biodefence vaccines?

A

Biodefence: anthrax, plague, tularaemia, smallpox

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4
Q

Give examples of agriculture vaccines administered

A

Agriculture: avian flu, foot and mouth virus, rabies

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5
Q

When is the Men B vaccine given?

A
  • All newborn babies
  • 2 and 4 months; Booster 12 months
  • Catch up programme for babies born after 1ST May 2015
  • Other groups remain vulnerable – cost effectiveness, shortages of supply, JCVI
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6
Q

Describe the structure of the Men B vaccine

A

Bexsero® Components
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV)
- N. meningitidis group B strain Z98/254 menZB
- 3 Surface proteins (non-variant) of the bacteria – recombinant :
• Factor H Binding Protein (fHbp)
• Neisseria Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA)
• Neisseria Adhesin A (NadA)

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7
Q

What are some of the issues surrounding the Men B vaccine?

A
  • more reactogenic;
  • not all serotypes of group B covered (unlike menC)
  • Some cross-protection against menW
  • £75 per dose – needs to be £20 for cost effectiveness.
  • 88% efficacy and strain coverage
  • Duration of protection – 10 years
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8
Q

What is meningitis ACWY?

A

Highly virulent invasive strain W

Increasing since 2009

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9
Q

Who is vaccinated against Men ACWY?

A

Vaccinate risk groups:

  • 14 – 18 year olds (school year 13) and
  • older university entrants (aged 19 - 25)
  • serotype replacement following menC??
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10
Q

Why are live attenuated vaccines only given once?

A

Live attenuated viruses don’t require boosters

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11
Q

What is the DTaP vaccine for?

A

DTaP - Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis

- toxoid virus given 3 times

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12
Q

What is the IPV vaccine?

A

IPV - inactivated poliovirus

- toxoid virus given 3 times

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13
Q

What is the Hib vaccine for?

A

Hib - haemophilus influenzae B vaccine (bacterial infection) also boosted

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14
Q

What is Hib?

A

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
Paediatric disease usually 6 mo - 3 yrs

Incidence: 1/600

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15
Q

Describe the signs and symptoms of Haemophilus influenzae B

A

Initially, a nasopharyngitis (often starting with viral infection) spreads to an otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia or sometimes epiglottitis (requiring a tracheotomy):- croup

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16
Q

What other infections are spread from haemophilus Influenzae B ?

A

Spreads :

  • bacteraemia,
  • septic arthritis
  • meningitis (60% cases)
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17
Q

What are the consequences of untreated Hib?

A

Neurological disorders (33%) or death (5%) if not vigorously treated

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18
Q

How is Hib meningitis and other infections prevented?

A

Vaccine effective: (99% cases are type b)

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19
Q

Why are capsulated vaccines not effective in children <2 months

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A

Capsules aren’t effective vaccines in children as they can’t make ab against polysaccharides so is conjugated

20
Q

How are capsulated virus made effective for younger babies?

Study These Flashcards
A

conjugated with polysaccharides e.g.

type b - capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate:-
diphtheria/tetanus toxoids + outer membrane proteins

21
Q

What bacterium causes diphtheria?

Study These Flashcards
A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

22
Q

Where does the diphtheria localise in the body?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pharynx - non-invasive multiplication

23
Q

Which organs does diphtheria infection effect?

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A

Toxin produced locally but acts at a distance

  • Absorbed by lymphatics = systemic effects
  • Damages heart, kidney, nerves, adrenals
  • Kills epithelial cells and polymorphs: gelatinous exudate
  • Ulcer: necrotic exudate: Pseudomembrane
  • Local inflammation ,swelling, lymph nodes - Bull Neck
  • Respiratory obstruction
24
Q

Describe the bacteria causing tetanus

Study These Flashcards
A

Neurotoxin Clostridium tetani

  • Gram +ve rods,
  • terminal drumstick spores
  • anaerobe
  • Soil dweller
25
What is the effect of neurotoxins on the nervous system?
Blocks release of inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine -> unopposed continuous excitation Neurotoxins cause spastic paralysis causing lock jaw
26
How do vaccines act against neurotoxins?
By neutralising toxin we can prevent infection achieved via subunit toxoid vaccine (boosted)
27
Describe the DTaP vaccine
Multi-toxin disease | Whole cell vaccine - killed organisms: associated toxicity
28
Describe the new low risk DTa[P vaccine available
New low risk acellular vaccine: Adhesin + pertussis toxoids + outer membrane proteins ⇒ Blocks adhesion and neutralises toxin - antibody role, V. effective
29
What are the aims of the influenza programme?
To protect those who are most at risk of serious illness or death should they develop influenza To reduce the circulation of the virus
30
Who is eligible for influenza vaccine?
- all 65 years or over - all those aged 6 months+ in a clinical risk group - those living in long-stay residential facilities - elderly or disabled persons carers - household contacts of immunocompromised individuals - health and social care workers - poultry workers - all children 2 – 9 years (most infections and transmission source)
31
How many potential protein targets are there for the influenza vaccine?
Require neutralising antibodies targeting the surface proteins H: hemagglutinin - 15 types N: neuraminidase - 9 types
32
What are the 2 ways influenza variation can occur
Epidemics: Antigenic drift – mutation + selection Pandemics: Antigenic shift – gene reassortment
33
What is the effectiveness of the latest flu vaccine?
- variable by year/age group - antigenic drift and shift; - prior exposure; cross-reacting antibodies - Vaccine production issues
34
Outline the spectrum of pneumococcal infection
- SInusitis (common) - Passive pneumococcal disease (bacteramia) - Soft tissue infection (rare) - Arthritis (rare) - Peritonitis (rare) - Pneumonia - Otitis Media - Meningitis
35
Which populations groups are mostly affected by ppneumoccoccal infections?
Disease burden mainly in young children (<1) and ageing population 70+ These populations are prone to lobar pneumonia as a result of pneumococcal infection
36
What factors determine who gets a vaccine?
- Community instance rates - Age prevalence - Surveillance of disease
37
Who is given the polysaccharide pneumonia vaccine?
1. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine PPV23 - 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) - for at risk adults and children over the age of 2
38
Why are children under 2 not given the polysaccharide pneumonia vaccine?
Children under 2 can’t make a long-lasting protective immune response to polysaccharide vaccines These 23 types of bacteria cause about 96% of all pneumococcal disease cases in the UK
39
How are children under 2 vaccinated against pneumnia?
2. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine PCV-13V - Polysaccharides from 13 most common capsule types - Conjugated to T/D toxoids + OMP as for Hib and MenC
40
How many types of HPV are there?
Over 40 types
41
What are the different types of Genital warts (HPV)?
High risk types (16,18) – lead to cancer - HPV16: 50% - HPV18: 20% Low risk types (6,11) - warts
42
What are the 2 HPV licensed vaccines?
Gardasil: protects against HPV 6,11,16,18 - used now Cervarix: protects against HPV 16,18
43
What vaccines are commonly in vaccines?
Neonatal tetanus: Disease of 8th Day - 360,000 deaths/yr Tetanus toxoid to mother in late pregnancy→ high titres of maternal IgG in neonate
44
Why are live attenuated vaccines not given during pregnancy?
Don’t want live vaccines during pregnancy: ?damage to foetus e.g. rubella (MMR)
45
What prophylactic vaccines are given during pregnancy?
1. TdaP/polio - whooping cough - Boostrix IPV | 2. Flu - mother and baby protection – earlier the better
46
Who is given a TB vaccine?
All infants living in areas where TB incidence is >40/100,000 All infants with a (grand)parent born in a country where TB incidence is >40/100,000 at risk secondary school children Previously unvaccinated new immigrants from high prevalence countries for TB

Immunology (aimen n) - use these (14 decks)

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