Vaccines Ch. 18 Flashcards
Immunization
Definition
The process of artificially stimulating active immunity
Exposes the body to weakened or less toxic proteins associated with specific disease-causing organisms
“Old School”
Goal
To cause an immune response without having the patient suffer the full course of a disease
Actions
Stimulate the production of antibodies
Provide preformed antibodies to facilitate an immune reaction
React specifically with the toxins produced by an invading pathogen
Types of Immunity
Active Immunity
The body recognizes a foreign protein and begins producing antibodies to react with it
Types of Immunity
Passive Immunity
Occurs when preformed antibodies are injected into the system and react with a specific antigen
Vaccines: Indication
Stimulate active immunity in people who are at risk
The vaccines that are needed depends on the exposure the person will have to pathogens
Vaccines are thought to provide life-long immunity
Hep a booster
Possibe covid booster for the immunocompriomised
Vaccines: Contraindication
In the presence of immune deficiency
During pregnancy
Known allergies to any of the components of the vaccine
Patients receiving immune globulin or who have received blood or blood products within the last 3 months
Caution with history of febrile convulsions or cerebral injury, conditions in which high fever would be dangerous, or acute infection
Questionaire before you get the covid vaccine
Immunocompromised?
Blood thinners?
Egg allergies?
Vaccines: Adverse Effects
Fever Rash Malaise Chills Fretfulness Drowsiness Anorexia Vomiting Irritability Pain, Redness, and Swelling at the Injection Site Syncope Saw a couple of syncope at the vaccine clinic. Some were nervous, hypoglycemia, They were monitored and went home
Vaccine types
How your immune system responds to the germ
Who needs the vaccine
The best technology or science to create the vaccine
When scientist create vaccine they consider the following:
Based on these factors, scientist decide which type of vaccine they will make. We have several types of vaccines available today
Eradicated diseases
Smallpox Polio Measles Mumps Rubella Tetanus According to CDC, In the US These diseases used to be prevalent in the US Eradication – deliberate effort that leads to permanent reduction to zero Elimination -
Types of vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Messenger RNA vaccines (mRNA)
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugated vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Viral vector vaccines
We are going to focus on the first 3 types of vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Use the dead version of the germ that causes a disease Hepatitis A Flu Polio Rabies
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.
We get a different strand of flu shot qyear
Live-attenuated vaccines
Use a weakened form of the germ that causes a disease MMR Rotavirus Smallpox Varicella Yellow fever
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.
But live vaccines also have some limitations. For example:
Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk to their health care provider before receiving them, such as people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant.
They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators.
Messenger rna vaccines
Make protein to trigger immune response
mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies
Vaccinated gain protection without ever having to risk the serious consequences of getting sick with COVID-19
mRNA Vaccines
Made using new technology
Uses a nanoparticle to deliver instructions for human cells
Make SARS CoV2 spike protein
Priming the immune system to attack it
Facts about the mrna vaccines
They cannot give someone COVID-19.
mRNA vaccines do not use the live virus that causes COVID-19.
mRNA never enters the nucleus of the cell, which is where our DNA (genetic material) is kept.
They do not affect or interact with our DNA in any way.
The cell breaks down and gets rid of the mRNA soon after it is finished using the instructions.
It has been held to the same rigorous safety and effectivensss standards of the FDA.
Not new, been used for decades flu, zika, rabies, cytomegalovirus.CMV. Working on one-time flu shot with mRNA
As soon as the info for Covid 19 was available, scientist began designing the instructions for cells to build unique spike protein into the mRNA vaccine
Future vaccine may allow for multiple protection for multiple diseases.
