Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology Final > Vaccines/immunization Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Vaccines/immunization Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between prevalence of autism (ASD) and aluminum exposure from vaccines?

A

Children from countries with the highest ASD prevalence appear to have the highest Al exposure from vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which diseases currently prevented against by the typical vaccine schedule are actually common diseases seen in the U.S.?

A

Pneumococcal disease, pertussis, rotavirus, varicella (shingles), HPV, influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the danger of a pregnant woman getting rubella?

A

Possible birth defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four types of influenza vaccines?

A

Whole virus inactivated
Subunit inactivated
Split virus inactivated
Live attenuated, cold-adapted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the subunit inactivated influenza vaccine?

A

H and N influenza surface antigens only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the split virus inactivated influenza vaccine?

A

Both surface and internal antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where must the live attenuated influenza vaccine be administered and why?

A

Intranasally; only place where live virus can multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the subtypes of influenza A?

A 
16 haemaglutinin (H) subtypes
9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which general strain of influenza is rare and mild?

A

Influenza C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Cochrane Collaboration?

A

Nonprofit organization that serves to organize medical research in a systematic way for evidence-based medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Cochrane Review discovered that influenza vaccines are efficacious in preventing cases of influenza among what age group?

A

Children older than two years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the typical side effects from the influenza vaccine?

A

Flu-like symptoms (more common with nasal mist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some serious side effects that can result from the flu vaccine?

A

Febrile seizures, Guillain-Barre syndrome, allergic reactions associated with egg allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system that do not conduct nervous impulses?

A

Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What glial cells are known as the macrophages of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Microglia (20% of glial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Constantly sampling the surrounding environment to assure homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are examples of things that can stimulate microglia?

A

Calcium waves, aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most abundant cell of the human brain?

A

Astrocytes

19
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Structural function, nutrition for other cells, give off regulatory molecules, control synaptic transmission, control brain blood flow, aid in myelination, nervous system repair, long-term potentiation (memory)

20
Q

Which glial cells are capable of reproduction throughout life?

A

Astrocytes

21
Q

What regulatory molecules are given off by astrocytes?

A

Potassium and glutamate

22
Q

How do astrocytes provide nutrition for other cells?

A

Store and release glycogen

Release lactate

23
Q

How do astrocytes control synaptic transmission?

A

Clear excess glutamate from synapses

24
Q

Which glial cells are locations of preferential aluminum accumulation?

A

Microglia and astrocytes

25
Q

How do astrocytes limit excitotoxic damage in the brain?

A

By clearing excess glutamate

26
Q

The combination of what two things is responsible for brain injury?

A

Inflammatory cytokines, excitatory molecules (like glutamate)

27
Q

What two events are regulated by microglia?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokine release

Release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glutamate

28
Q

Microglia contain receptors and can be activated by which cells?

A

Most neurotransmitters, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, MHC I and MHC II, PRRs, TLRs

29
Q

What effects can aluminum accumulation have in the brain?

A

Interference with membrane receptors and cell signaling pathways, alter DNA integrity, impair mitchondrial function

30
Q

What is the function of macrophages when resting?

A

Garbage collector

31
Q

What is the function of macrophages when activated?

A

Antigen presenting cell and killer

32
Q

What is the function of macrophages when hyperactivated?

A

Vicious killer

33
Q

During what stage of microglial actiation is there no increased release of cytokines, chemokines, interferons, or excitotoxins?

A

Primed stage

34
Q

Which three excitotoxins are released heavily during the hyperactive state of microglia?

A

Glutamate, aspartate, quinolinic acid (QUIN)

35
Q

What cells are the major neuronal source of glutathione and ,what substance pertaining to vaccines can lower glutathione levels?

A

Astrocytes; aluminum

36
Q

Aluminum has been shown to impair gap junctional communication between what glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

37
Q

How do aluminum-treated astrocytes appear different in shape compared to normal astrocytes?

A

More globular than the normal stellate-like appearance

38
Q

There is less production of what energy substance under aluminum-stressed conditions?

A

ATP

39
Q

What is the term for the protection provided to all individuals in a population due to the inability of a pathogen to effectively spread when a larger proportion of individuals are resistant?

A

Herd immunity (usually at 85%, minimum 75%)

40
Q

What is the estimated necessary herd immunity percentage needed for protection against mumps?

A

80%

41
Q

What can occur to herd immunity when the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above threshold where the infectious organism still persists?

A

Reduced effectiveness and therefore, outbreaks occur

42
Q

What current “outbreaks” are we witnessing due to decreased efficiency of herd immunity?

A

Measles and pertussis

43
Q

Have measles outbreaks occurred in highly vaccinated populations?

A

Yes; this coincides with the fact that vaccination doesn’t always equal immunity

Immunology Final (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions