Vaccinology Flashcards
(29 cards)
True or False. Vaccines are usually used as a key metric in level of development.
True
True or False. Vaccines are the most cost-effective method for dealing with infectious threats to human populations,
True
How is immunological memory/ vaccine response measured?
IgG titre
What is immune memory?
It is the increased ability to proliferate of memory T/B cells post infection
What is R in vaccinology?
Rate of Ab decay/Rate of Ab synthesis
How does the Abs produced after vaccination change upon multiple doses?
1st dose: primarily IgM, some IgG later on
Subsequent doses: Early IgG response»_space;» IgM prod.
Responses to vaccines in a population are _____.
Heterogenous
What is herd immunity?
It is when individuals who are not immune to a pathogen are protected from exposure by the large amounts of immune individuals within the community
When does pathogen spread stop?
(In relation to infection and critical threshold)
When P(infection)<critical threshold
threshold is pathogen & population specific
Higher pathogenicity is associated with ____ critical threshold?
Higher
What type of vaccines typically completely block infections?
Live attenuated
Does a vaccine protect a person from infection or from severe disease?
Mostly protection from severe disease
How do vaccines protect a person from severe disease?
1) Vaccines are usually delivered IV/IM (cos its easier) but many pathogens infect mucosal sites
- localised dmg limited by systemic immunity
2) Systemic vax → ↓no. pathogens in bodily secretions → ↓ transmisibilty
3) Hybrid immunity
- vax + recovery from mild infection
→ ↑ immunity + longer term
What are 3 variables that complicate public vaccination policy?
1) Poverty/ social structure/ politics/ infrastructure
2) costs
3) public complacency and mistrust
What are some requirements for an effective vaccine?
1) Safety
2) Induce protective immunity
3) Long-lasting protection
4) Low cost
5) Genetic stability
6) Storage stability
7) Delivery (Oral/needle)
What are the 5 types of vaccines in order of decreasing safety but increasing efficacy?
1) Live attenuated (mimic natural infection)
2) Killed/dead viral pathogens
3) Pseudoviruses/virus-likes proteins
4) Viral-proteins and peptides sub-unit vaccines
5) DNA/RNA vaccines
What is the relationship between vaccine safety and efficacy?
Inverse/negative relationship
What are 2 examples of vaccine cocktails?
1) MMR/MMR-V
2) 6-in-1 (Diptheria, Tetanus toxoid, acellular Pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae B, Polio, Hep B)
What are some limitations of live attenuated vaccines?
1) need to ensure 0 contamination
2) hazardous production
3) possible reversion to virulence*
4) req. proper refrigeration
5) not safe for immuno-compromised
What are some limitations of killed pathogens vaccines?
1) need to ensure successful killing
2) adverse effects (eg. TAB → fever malaise, whole cell pertussis → febrile convulsions)
What are some limitations of purified component vaccines?
1) tedious prod. and purification
2) expensive
3) low yield
4) need adjuvant/carrier
What are some routes of vaccine administration?
1) Hypodermis
2) Transcutaneous
3) Oral
4) Nasal
What are the differences between Mucosal and Systemic vaccination?
Mucosal:
- CD4+ > CD8+
- Nasal/oral administration
- prevents both initial stages and blocks development
- BOTH IgA and IgG
- induces local and systemic immune response
- immunity @ distant mucosal sites (via homing receptors
Systemic:
- CD8+ > CD4+
- Needle (cross-contamination + training)
- block disease development only AFT pathogen cross mucosal barrier and establish infection
- only IgG
- only systemic immunity
Why aren’t all vaccines for respiratory infection made for mucosal administration?
It’s not always possible based on form and f(x) of the vaccine construct.
