valvular disease

Question 1

most common valve with disease

Answer 1

AO valve

Question 2

systolic opening measurement for AO valve

Answer 2

3-5 cm2

Question 3

most common congenital heart defect and cause of AS in adults

Answer 3

bicuspid AO valve

Question 4

what can AS cause to happen to the LV

Answer 4

pressure overload
increase in LV mass

Question 5

what you will find on a physical exam for AS

Answer 5

delay carotid upstroke
hersh systolic ejection murmur that radiates to neck

Question 6

mild AS VMAX/Mean Gradient/AVA

Answer 6

1. 2.0-2.9
2. mg <25
3. ava >1.5

Question 7

moderate AS VMAX/Mean Gradient/AVA

Answer 7

1. 3.0-3.9
2. 25-39
3. 1.5 - 1

Question 8

severe AS VMAX/Mean Gradient/AVA

Answer 8

1. > 4.0
2. > 40
3. <1

Question 9

continuity equation

Answer 9

AVA x AV VTI = LVOT area x LVOT vti

Question 10

stroke volume for AS

Answer 10

AVA x AV VTI = LVOT area x LVOT VTI

Question 11

low flow , low gradient AS DD

Answer 11

severe AS
cardiomyopathy

Question 12

AI causes

Answer 12

1. bicuspid or subao stenosis
2. marfan or ao dissection
3. endocarditis
4. rheumatic heart disease
5. degenerative
6. prosthetic failure

Question 13

what can AI do to the LV

Answer 13

cause pressure overload for low cardiac output

Question 14

symptoms of AI

Answer 14

dyspnea
fatigue
LE edema
chest pain
syncope

Question 15

AI on physical exam

Answer 15

diastolic blowing murmur
left sternal border with patient sitting upward

Question 16

echo findings for AI

Answer 16

LV dilatation
AO root dilatation
austin flint sign
color doppler

Question 17

what is austin flint sign

Answer 17

diastolic murmur heard at the apex and is associated w/ severe AI

Question 18

pressure half time and vena contracta for mild AI

Answer 18

> 500
<.3

Question 19

pressure half time and vena contracta for moderate AI

Answer 19

500-200
.3 - .6

Question 20

pressure half time and vena contracta for AI

Answer 20

<200
>.6

Question 21

what can a cleft MV be associated w/

Answer 21

atrio ventricular septal defect

Question 22

which leaflet of the MV is usually effect by the cleft

Answer 22

anterior leaflet

Question 23

MV parachute

Answer 23

attachment of chordae to simple pap muscle

Question 24

supra valvular mitral ring

Answer 24

fibrous membrane above mitral annulus
cause of congenital mitral stenosis

Question 25

MV prolapse

Answer 25

bulge upward into the LA also known as click murmur syndrome/ barlows syndrome

Question 26

most common cause of MS

Answer 26

rheumatic fever (young middle age women) and is the result of strep infection FEVER

Question 27

pathophysiology for MS

Answer 27

pressures between LV and LA increases causing lung congestion RV overload RV failure

Question 28

MS symptoms

Answer 28

SOB EDEMA ASCITES or asymptomatic

Question 29

echo findings for MS

Answer 29

thickened cusps enlarged LA increase pulmonary pressure

Question 30

cardiovascular risk factors for MS

Answer 30

female age diabetes CAD

Question 31

for MILD MS -MVA -mean gradient -pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 31

1. >1.5 2. <5 3. <30

Question 32

for moderate MS -MVA -mean gradient -pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 32

1. 1.0 - 1.5 2. 5 - 10 3. 30 - 50

Question 33

for SEVERE MS -MVA -mean gradient -pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 33

1. 1.0 2. >10 3. >50

Question 34

MV leaflets normal but still MR

Answer 34

lv is dysfunctional due to ischemic disease or CAD, hypertrophic CMY, dilated CMY

Question 35

MR symptoms

Answer 35

fatigue dyspnea edema

Question 36

PW E/A ratio > 1.4 suggest

Answer 36

severe MR

Question 37

TS symptoms

Answer 37

hepatomegaly peripheral edema

Question 38

TR symptoms

Answer 38

pedal edema weakness

Question 39

congenital PV diseases

Answer 39

atresia tetralogy of fallot