Valvular heart disease Flashcards
(33 cards)
Define valvular heart disease
characterized by damage to or defect in one of the four heart valves, the mitral, aortic, tricupsid, or pulmonary, leads to increased workload on the heart
Heart murmur
turbulent blood flow between heart chambers, denoting valve dysfunction. It is an abormal noise
Heart murmurs may be due to
valvular incompetence, valvular regurgitations/insufficiency, valvular stenosis, valvular prolapse
Valvular incompetence
valve is not functioning properly, non specific term
Valvular regurgitations/insufficiency
a non specific term meaning the valve is unable to close properly, resulting in back flow. Atria are not empty as a new cycle begins
Valvular stenosis
inability of the valve to open properly, resulting in a reduced volume of blood exiting the chamber and considerable pressure in the exit chamber- the idea of narrowing
Valvular prolapse
valves bulge upwards, which can cause a back flow of blood, only occurs to the mitral valve
Valvular heart disease common causes are
Hypertension/ Chronic congestive heart failure, complications of myocardial infarction, rheumatic fever, endocarditis, congenital abnormality, radiation therapy for cancer
Rhuematic fever
an autoimmune reaction secondary to infection by streptococcus bacteria
antibodies which have developed to fight the infection appear to sense a chemical similarily between the bacteria and heart tissue
Signs and symptoms of heart murmur
initially fatigue, later on breathlessness and dyspnea
Mention of heart murmur or any valvular disease on the case history should lead to the RMT establishing ______
CCHF, chronic congestive heart failure
RMT considerations for valvular disease
Watch for signs of dyspenea (ie. difficult or painful breathing), and increased SYNS activity (hearts with valve problems do not typically adapt easily to increased cardiac output)
-watch for increases in BP post treatment
Mitral valve prolapse some AKAs
floopy valve, barlows, click-murmur syndromes
Two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly, but insteas bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. What is the clinical name for this?
Mitral valve prolapse
The most common cause of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is
abnormally stretchy or floppy valve leaflets (called myxomatous valve disease) and their supporting chordae tendonae causing parts of the valve flop or bulge back into the atrium
MVP doesnt always cause backflow/regurgitation
When backflow occurs what happens to the heart
It can change the hearts size and raise pressure in the left atrium and lungs, also raises the risk of heart valve disease
What phase is the heart in when a click sound can be heard
systole, which is the protrusion, leaking of blood back into the upper chambers- can also be heard as a murmur
What are some risk factors for MVP
benign in isolation, if not in isolation- heritable connective tissue disorders (marfans syndrome), endocarditis, myocarditis, atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries), SLE LUPUS, muscular dystrophy,
Signs and symptoms of MVP
2/3rds of people are asymptomatic.
Chest pain/palpatations, SOB, dizziness, syncope (fainting), panic and anxiety, neuro signs and symptoms into hands and feet
Marfans syndrome
a genetic connective tissue disorder, specifically it affects the elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix
This presentation is classified as what syndrome? a person who has a long and thin body with long fingers, jt hypermobility, spinal deformities pectus excavatum or pigeon chest, their eyes may be BL dislocation of the lens (weakness of the suspensory ligaments), myotopia (near sightedness), retinal detachment. CV: progressive dilation of the aortic valve ring. Mortality: 30-40 years old- surgery and medications to prolong life
Marfans syndrome
Define edema
an increase in the amount of fluid in the interstitial space either beneath the skin or in an organ cavity, typically palpable. It can be local or generalized condition
what are some common clinical causes of edema
increased capillary pressure/ blood pressure, decreased colloid osmotic/oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, obstruction of lymphatic flow
Common causes of local edema
Inflammation, sitting or standing in one position for too long, impaired circulation from restrictive scarring, restrictive immobilization, thrombosis, impaired lymphatic function, localized allergic reaction, decreased muscle tone, decreased vascular tone (sympathetic nervous system impairment)
