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English A level > variation over time > Flashcards

variation over time Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

context

A

mode
field
function
audience

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2
Q

deixis

A

pointing - non verbal forms of speech

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3
Q

anglo saxon

A

1
simple everyday words
christianity - brought back latin
2000 new words

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4
Q

the Norman conquest

A 
2
people in power - French
people in church - latin
common - English
French language - judge, jury
10000 new words
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5
Q

shakespeare

A

3

English language became rich and vibrant

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6
Q

the king James bible

A

4

new translation of the bible - into english

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7
Q

the English of science

A

5
scientists all spoke English
made new scientific words e.g. acid

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8
Q

the English & empire

A

6

took many new words from other countries

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9
Q

the age of the dictionary

A

7
70 years - to make a new dictionary
4 different people

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10
Q

American english

A

8
new language of capitalism
business and music

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11
Q

internet English

A

9
abbreviations
btw, lol, yolo, fyi

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12
Q

global english

A

10
became a fully formed language
1.5 billon people speak English

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13
Q

what causes lexical change?

A 
new inventions
wars/invasions
prominent people
standardisation
globalisation
social/cultural change
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14
Q

how are new words created

?

A

borrowed from other countries
neologism - completely new word invented
eponym (sandwich) and proprietary names (hoover) can be used to name things
abbreviations - acronyms, clippings, initialism
compounding and blending

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15
Q

semantic change

A 
amelioration
pejoration
weakening
narrowing
broadening
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16
Q

amelioration

A

a word takes on a more positive meaning, gaining status

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17
Q

pejoration

A

a word takes on a more negative meaning, losing status

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18
Q

weakening

A

generalisation
shit - faeces
but now its used in everyday life
tragedy - a massive terrible event but now is used on a day to day basis

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19
Q

narrowing

A 
specialisation
apple used to mean fruit
now its a type of fruit
girl used to mean young person
now its a female young person
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20
Q

broadening

A

proprietary names - hoover

business - used to refer just to the state of being busy

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21
Q

metaphor

A

a word acquires new meanings - bug in the system

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22
Q

euphemism

A

a way of describing something in a more pleasant way

passed away

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23
Q

idiom

Study These Flashcards
A

an expression that can’t be understood through its literal translation
its raining cats and dogs

24
Q

pronunciation change influenced by spelling

25
pronunciation affected by grammatical choices
the former are becoming less and less common, particularly among young speakers an otel - a hotel
26
why have speech styles chnaged?
ease of articulation - we make things easier to say social prestige and changes in society - less regional variation due to more movement
27
accommodation theory
reduce the social distance
28
convergence
when we adapt our language depending on who we talk to
29
divergence
when we move further away
30
upwards
towards RP
31
downwards
towards a regional or sociolectal variation
32
fairclough
this move is part of conversationalism
33
judgements about regional accents
Freebom the incorrectness view - this links to RP being viewed as the accent of standard English the ugliness view - some accents don't sound nice - often links to stereotypes the impreciseness view - some accents are seen as sloppy or lazy
34
standardisation
the process of making something conform to a standard | e.g. in production - there are norms e.g. typical sizes of soft drinks
35
what has been standardised?
spelling lexis and semantics syntax handwriting
36
the background of standardisation
the renaissance - revival of learning growth of capitalism - new social classes the reformation - breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church the rise of the humanist science transition from a medieval to a modern society
37
orthography
spelling
38
reasons for orthographical change
technological standardisation influences from other languages phonological
39
phoneme
a unit of sound
40
grapheme
how it is written (letter)
41
the great vowel shift
gradual shift affected the pronunciation of long vowels hoose - house
42
why did the great vowel shift happen?
southern - east movement of people change in English rule by the french (English may have wanted to sound different to the French)
43
phonological factors
great vowel shift many words ended in silent 'e' e.g. male and rule now it just indicates a long vowel sound some letters were printed with ligatures - hard to print so was dropped
44
technological factors
printing- the long s died out printers might've dropped some letters if the text didn't fit on a line or they might've added the in because they were paid by the letter
45
standardisation
renaissance - scholars tried to make English more like Classical Greek and latin e.g det - debt
46
influences from other languages
borrowings affects spellings silent letters from greek - psychology germanic influences - word endings like 'due' and 'tch'
47
punctuation change
caxton used the full stop | and the colon
48
pragmatics
the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used
49
historic gendered language features
'he' used to represent either gender in 18th century writing generic man - 'mankind' male first - mr and mrs occupational suffixes - waitress and actress
50
some changes in gender
'they' used as a gender neutral singular pronoun, or 'he/she' using non gendered occupational titles - police officer and head teacher
51
the Sapir - wharf hypothesis
the way we learn language changes the way we perceive reality
52
linguistic relatively
cultures see the world in different ways, and language is used to encode this difference
53
linguistic determinism
the way we perceive the world influences not only our language, but the way we think
54
AO2 concepts and issues
``` in formalisation unequal tenor genre change technological change power ```
55
features that have declined during the late modern period
``` from of the subjunctive e.g. if I were you using the passive voice (by who?) epistemic modal verb shall relative clause he as a gender neutral third person whom as an object pronoun ```
56
features that have increased in modern usage
the progressive aspect - verbs ending in 'ing' I'm making phrasal verbs e.g. stand b semi-modal verbs e.g. need to omission of the definite singer e.g. world - famous singer pronoun change 'they' to mean singular non defined gender

English A level (3 decks)

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