Varieties Flashcards
Lackoff’s deference model states that women’s speech behaviour is ________
Deferential
Women defer by 10 features. Name these features
Hedges, superpolitness, hyper correctness, tag questions, speaking in italics, empty adjectives, use of implication, special lexicon
Name one flaw of Lakoff’s deference model
Lakoff’s ideas are not based on empirical research but on observation of a limited sample
What do Dubois and Crouch say about tag questions?
Men use more tags than women and that tags do not always show deference
What does the dominance model state?
Men behave in ways that actively seek to dominate women and take status from them while increasing men’s.
Pamela Fishman studied tag questions in mixed sex conversations. What do women use more than men? What does this show about men?
Women use 5 more tag questions than men. Therefore men do not support women by providing appropriate minimal responses
In Fishman’s research she found that women ask med for support through tag questions, men don’t give their support. Why?
They do this to silence women
Janet Holmes research into tag questions found what 3 things? What does this suggest?
Men and women use the same number of tags.
Men use speaker-oriented tags to benefit themselves.
Women use addressee-oriented tags to support their interlocutors.
This suggests that men are less supportive speakers than women.
Explain what Deborah Tannen and the Difference Model suggest?
Boys and girls are socialised into using talk for different reasons so women and men tend use conversation for different purposes. “Because boys and girls grow up in what are essentially different cultures…talk between women and men is cross-cultural communication.”
According to Deborah Tannen explain what rapport talk is?
Is used by women to establish and maintain relationships
According to Deborah Tannen explain what report talk is?
The type of talk used by men. They use speech to compete for positions of power and status or to protect themselves from others who attempt to gain status over them
In the difference model there are four types of women talk. What are they?
House talk - the exchange of info and recourses connected with the female role as an occupation
Scandal - judgment of others, usually about domestic morality, of which women are guardians
Features of women’s language such as the use of “like” and uptalk are seen as a sign of stupidity or immaturity, but what did Carmen Fought say about these features?
Said that women take linguistic features and use them as power tools for building relationships
What did Camren Fought say women serve as?
Women are incubators of vocal trends e.g. vocal fry
Explain what Koenraad Kuiper’s Changing Room Study found. What does this suggest?
Rugby team members pay less attention to face needs and instead use insults as a way of expressing solidarity. Players who react badly are ostracised by the rest of the group
Failing to respond was a sign of fearlessness
