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MD3001 - Cardiology Disease and Pathology > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is vascular disease of the arteries?

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What is vascular disease of the veins?

A

Phlebothrombosis

Thrombophlebitis

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3
Q

What can cause vascular disease in all vessels?

A

Vasculitis
Radiation damage
Tumours

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4
Q

What are the main age related vascular changes?

A

Fibrosis of intimacy and media
Accumulation of ground substance
Fragmentation of elastic lamellae

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5
Q

What is ground substance?

A

amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin

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6
Q

What vessels does atherosclerosis affect?

A

large and medium sized muscular and elastic arteries

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of atherosclerosis?

A

lipid deposition
fibrosis
chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What are the main risk factors of atherosclerosis/vascular disease?

A

Unmodifiable: Age, Sex, Genetics
Modifiable: hypertension, hyperlipideamia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

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9
Q

What is the morphology of an atheromatous plaque?

A

Patchy and raised white to yellow
Core of lipid
Fibrous cap

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10
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

atheroma of distal aorta/iliac/femoral arteries

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11
Q

What does peripheral vascular disease cause?

A

ischaemia of the lower limbs

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12
Q

What are the effects of peripheral vascular disease?

A

Intermittent claudication (pain in calf while exercising)
Pain
Ulcers
Gangrene

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13
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart

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14
Q

What are the main types of aneurysm?

A 
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Berry
Micro-aneurysms
Syphilitic
Mycotic
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15
Q

Where are atherosclerotic aneurysms usually found?

A

abdominal aorta distal to renal arteries

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16
Q

Who are atherosclerotic aneurysms more common in?

A

Men

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17
Q

What is the morphology of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A

Saccular or fusiform (more common)
15-25cm in length
Wall diameter exceeds 50%
Frequently contains mural thrombus

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18
Q

How are atherosclerotic aneurysms diagnosed?

A

ultrasound

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19
Q

What are the clinical features of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A 
Thrombosis
Embolism
Rupture
Obstruction of a branch vessel (ischaemic injury)
Impingement on an adjacent structure
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20
Q

What is the presentation of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A

abdominal pulsating mass

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21
Q

Who are dissecting aortic aneurysms more likely in?

A

x3 more likely in men than women aged 40-60 with hypertension
Younger patients with systemic or localised abnormalities of CT

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22
Q

Morphology of dissecting aortic aneurysms

Study These Flashcards
A

1-2cm from aortic valve

Dissection can extend along aorta in retrograde OR distally sometimes into iliac and femoral arteries

23
Q

Clinical symptoms of dissecting aortic aneurysms

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A

Sudden onset of excruciating chest pain
Begins the in anterior chest radiating to the back between the scapulae and moving downward as the dissection progresses; the pain can be confused with that of MI

24
Q

What is the most common cause of death in dissecting aortic aneurysms

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A

Rupture of the dissection outward into the pericardial, pleural or peritoneal cavities

25
Where are berry aneurysms found?
Circle of Willis in the brain
26
Who are berry aneurysms most likely to occur in?
Younger people | Often hypertensive
27
What are berry aneurysms associated with?
sub-arachnoid haemmorhage
28
What are capillary micro-aneurysms associated with?
hypertension diabetes mellitus intra-cerebral haemorrhage
29
What are capillary micro-aneurysms?
small aneurysms of branches of the middle vertebral artery
30
What do syphilitic aneurysms affect?
thoracic aorta
31
What occurs in mycotic aneurysms
Wall of artery weakened by infection Bacteria or fungi Often occur in the brain, secondary to embolism
32
What are varicose veins?
abnormally dilated, tortuous veins produced by prolonged, increased intralumninal pressure and loss of vessel wall support
33
Risk factors for varicose veins
Age, sex, heredity, posture, obesity
34
What does venous valve incompetence lead to?
``` stasis congestion oedema pain thrombosis ```
35
Where do varicose veins occur?
``` lower limbs in saphenous system oesophageal varicies haemorrhoids varicocele (bag that holds testicles) cosmetic problems ```
36
What are the signs of varicose veins?
aching in legs stasis dermatisis skin ulceration and bleeding§
37
What is vasculitis?
inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels
38
What is the pathogenesis of vasculitis?
``` Cell immune-mediated inflammation Deposition of immune complexes Direct attack by circulating antibodies Direct invasion of vascular walls by infectious pathogens Often part of multi system disease ```
39
who is at risk of giant-cell (temporal) arteritis?
Older than 50 Average age of onset is 80 More common in women than men
40
What is giant-cell (temporal) arteritis?
Granulomatous inflammation of large to small sized arteries (temporal, vertebral and ophthalmic)
41
What is takayasu arteritis?
Granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large arteries of upper limb (and arch of the aorta)
42
Who is takayasu arteritis common in?
Women under 30
43
Where does polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) occur?
medium small size muscular arteries of the kidneys, heart, liver and GIT
44
What is polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?
Fibroid necrosis which could be fatal without steroid treatment
45
What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?
High fever | conjunctival and oral lesions
46
Who do Kawasaki disease occur in?
Children under 4
47
What are the symptoms of takaysau arteritis
``` Dizziness Visual disturbances Dyspnoea intermittent claudication of the upper limbs Asymmetric BP ```
48
What is the treatment of takaysau arteritis?
steroid treatment?
49
What are the 3 main types of benign vascular tumour?
- Angioma - Haemangioma - Lymphangioma
50
What are the main types of haemangioma
Juvenile (strawberry) - skin Capillary (ruby spots) - skin, spleen, kidneys Cavernous (port wine stains) - skin, spleen, liver, pancreas
51
What are the types of lymphangioma
Capillary | Cavernous
52
What are the types of malignant vascular tumour?
Angiosarcoma | Antiproliferative tumour derived from endothelial cells
53
What type of sarcoma is associated with AIDS/HIV
Kaposi's sarcoma
54
Where can an angiosarcoma be found?
``` Skin Soft tissue Breast Bone Liver Spleen ```

MD3001 - Cardiology Disease and Pathology (10 decks)

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