Vascular Diseases Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Atherosclerosis AKA
A
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD)
2
Q
What systems does Atherosclerosis affect?
A
Any
3
Q
What disease is the leading of vascular disease
A
Atherosclerosis
4
Q
Basic Pathophysiology:
Abnormal plaque (atheroma) that develops on the inner wall of an artery
A
Atherosclerosis
5
Q
Atheroma is
A
collection of foam cells
6
Q
Atheroma can lead to
A
ischemia, pain, thrombus, blood clot
7
Q
Thrombosis of carotid artery may cause
A
stroke with profound loss of neurological functioning
8
Q
When atheroma breaks apart and spread debris, is can cause lesions called
A
Emboli
9
Q
Emboli are (traveling/nontraveling) while Atheroma are (traveling/ nontraveling)
A
traveling, non-traveling
10
Q
Retinal arterial plaques cause
A
central or branch retinal artery occlusions with subsequent retinal ischemia or vision loss
11
Q
Age risk factor of Atherosclerosis are
A
Men 45+
Women 55+
12
Q
Who is at greatest risk for Atherosclerosis
A
insulin-resistant, type II diabetic with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, low HDL, and central fat retention
13
Q
What hormone is believed to have vasoprotective effect on vessels
A
estrogen
14
Q
(post/pre) menopausal are at a greater risk for Atherosclerosis
A
post
15
Q
Who has a lesser risk for Atherosclerosis?
Postmenopausal women
Men
Premenopausal women
A
Premenopausal woman
16
Q
Postmenopausal women have a decreased level of
A
HDL and Estrogen
17
Q
What is the highest risk factor for Atherosclerosis
A
Presence of high blood lipid levels
18
Q
Signs & Symptoms of what?
Usually asymptomatic until heart attack or stroke
Ischemia
Angina
A
Atherosclerosis
19
Q
What type of diabetes has a higher risk for atherosclerosis
A
Type II
20
Q
Detection of Atherosclerosis include:
A
Angiogram
Blood test
Chest xray
CT scan
21
Q
Meds for Atherosclerosis
A
Statin meds (lower cholesterol)
Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
22
Q
Doing these things can reduce your risk of what disease?
eliminate tobacco use reduce intake of fat/animal fat estrogen supplementation Vitamin C Working out
A
Atherosclerosis
23
Q
Anti inflammatory therapy may reduce
A
Atherosclerosis
24
Q
High blood pressure is also known as
A
systemic hypertension
25
This disease affects these body parts
heart, brain, kidney, eyes and peripheral circulation
systemic hypertension
26
Primary-essential hypertension is also known as
Idiopathic or primary hypertension
27
Primary-essential hypertension, idiopathic or primary hypertension, secondary hypertension are all subtypes of
systemic hypertension
28
Secondary hypertension affects what system
Renal
29
Basic Pathophysiology:
| when bp too high for body's normal homeostasis
systemic hypertension
30
This disease is defined as high blood pressure with no definable cause
Primary-essential hypertension (idiopathic)
31
This is the result of renal disease and involves the inability of the kidneys to handle sodium and fluids that ultimately lead to an increase in plasma volume
Secondary hypertension
32
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
secondary hypertension
33
Systemic hypertension is (not genetic/ genetic)
genetic
34
What disease do these risk factors relate to?
Obesity, occupation, salt, sensitivity, elevation of insulin
Systemic hypertension
35
African americans are at a higher risk for this vascular disease
systemic hypertension
36
Males are at a greater risk for this disease
systemic hypertension
37
Initially systemic hypertension is (symptomatic/asymptomatic)
asymptomatic
38
Angina, occipital headache, dizziness, and dimming vision are symptoms of
systemic hypertension
39
Systemic hypertension affects what two body parts?
heart and brain
40
Renal failure accounts for 10% of deaths from
systemic hypertension
41
This disease can cause Central Retinal Occlusion
systemic hypertension
42
Papilledema is an effect of what disease:
Bilateral disc edema
- arterial occlusion
- Malignant
systemic hypertension
43
Treatment for what disease:
```
diuretics (Thiazides)
Antiadrenergic agents
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin-Receptor Agonists
Calcium-channel agonists
```
Systemic hypertension
44
Treatment for what disease:
Antiadrenergic agents
Angiotensin-Receptor Agonists
systemic hypertension
45
Treatment for what disease:
Calcium-channel agonists
diuretics (Thiazides)
Vasodilators
ACE inhibitors
systemic hypertension
46
TX for ?
Diuretic of lowest dose
early hypertension
47
Adding a second medication that is either a beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor agonist is known as what? What disease is it for?
Ineffective diuretic Therapy, systemic hypertension
48
Calcium channel-blocking agent (verapamil) is known as ? What disease is it for?
Diuretic intolerance, systemic hypertension
49
Adding a second agent is due to what? What disease?
Ineffective calcium channel-blocker therapy, systemic hypertension
50
Dosage increased to full strength, limit salt intake, and third blood-pressure agent is added because of what?
continued ineffective therapy from systemic hypertension
51
Ischemic heart disease is also known as
IHD
| Myocardial ischemia
52
Name the disease for this pathophysiology:
When significant atherosclerosis of the epicardial coronary arteries exists, the perfusions (flow) of oxygen to the heart muscle may be inadequate
Ischemic heart disease
53
This disease results from an imbalance between the demand by the heart muscle for oxygen and the amount of blood supplied by the coronary arteries
Ischemic heart disease
54
Perfusion pressure lower than demand of heart muscle lead to
ischemic heart disease
55
This disease is caused by
- atherosclerosis
- anemia
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- congenital malformations of coronary arteries
Ischemic heart disease
56
Reduces perfusion causes what disease
ischemic heart disease
57
atherosclerosis + anemia + left ventricular hypertrophy + congenital malformations of coronary arteries = ?
Reduced perfusions (ischemic heart disease)
58
Total occlusions by atheroma in ischemic heart disease lead to
instand catastrophic myocardial failure
59
Partial occlusions in ischemic heart disease leads to
intermittent and exertion induces angina pectoris
60
Nitrates are used for medical management of
angina pectoris
61
Losing weight (if you're obese), controlling hypertension, diabetic or hyperlipidemia conditions, and ceasing smoking can be beneficial to managing what disease?
ischemic heart disease
62
Identify: Chest discomfort with choking, squeezing, smothering sensation -- often occur after stress, anger, exercise. What disease?
Transient myocardial ischemia, Ischemic heart disease
63
Unstable angina - during rest of at night during sleep - is a symptom of what?
Ischemic heart disease
64
Treatment for what disease?
Surgical management- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) - which is used only with single or two vessel atherosclerosis.
Ischemic heart disease
65
TX for what disease?
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) used for patients with three or more occluded vessels
Ischemic heart disease
66
TX for what disease?
Coronary revascularization
Ischemic heart disease
67
Another term for Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is
heart attack
68
Which vascular disease is the most damaging heart condition
AMI
69
Slowly developing stenosis of coronary arteries is known as
atherosclerosis
70
Pathophysiology of what disease?
results from lack of oxygen supply to the working myocardium. Regional infarcts are due to lack of blood flow that occurs when an epicardial artery is blocked by atheroma or thrombus, or other obstructions.
Acute myocardial infarction
71
If you are over 75yo, what percentage die within 1 month of an AMI
2/3, 65%
72
Hypertension, cigs, at risk lipid profile are risk factors for what symptom, and what disease?
thrombogenesis, AMI
73
Most patients report pain (deep, crushing, boring pain) an initial symptom of
AMI
74
With pain in the chest, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, shortness of breath are also reported by patients experiencing
AMI
75
Occlusion/antheroma or atherombic lesion of the basilar artery or the vertebral artery resulting in insufficient blood flow to the posterior portions of the brain cause this disease:
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
76
Poor blood flow to the brain stem can cause:
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
77
Peripheral vascular Dz subtypes:
- peripheral arterial Dz
| - peripheral vascular Dz
78
Pathophys. of peripheral vascular disease:
- Circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs
- Usually due to occlusion on medium and large sized arteries
- Occlusion in abdominal aorta, iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, peroneal arteries
79
Occlusion in abdominal aorta, iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, peroneal arteries results in:
Peripheral arterial Dz
80
Pallid skin, perspiration, and coolness of extremities are signs of
AMI
81
___ will reveal the abnormal presence of third (S3) and fourth (S4) heart sounds to the examining physician
Auscultation
82
Older patients with _____ are at greater risk of experiencing a painless AMI, with shortness of breath being the only clinical symptom
diabetes
83
TX for what disease?
Catheter-based coronary revascularization
Coronary artery bypass grafting
AMI, ischemic heart disease
84
TX for what disease?
Sublingual nitroglycerin
AMI
85
TX for what disease?
Aspirin (long term TX)
AMI
86
TX for what disease?
Thrombolytic therapy
AMI
87
TX for what disease?
Beta-andrenergic blockers
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
AMI & systemic hypertension
88
TX for what disease?
Catheter-based coronary revascularization
Coronary artery bypass grafting
AMI, ischemic heart disease
89
These are used for
AMI
90
Management of infarct size can be done by
sublingual nitroglycerine
91
_____ levels can predict myocardial infarction risk
CPR plasma
92
No signs are present for ____ until _____
carotid artery stenosis, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke
93
Pathophysiology of what disease?
atherosclerosis and dissection of carotid artery leading to narrowing and ultimately decreased blood flow to the brain.
carotid artery stenosis
94
Pathophysiology of what disease?
Atherosclerosis of carotid artery causes formation of emboli (plaque break off or blood clot) that travels to brain or eye
carotid artery stenosis
95
reduction of blood flow through carotid artery results in
cerebral ischemia
96
No signs are present for ____ until _____
carotid artery stenosis, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke
97
Name the tier 2 condition of the vasculature:
1. Vertibrobasilar insufficiency
| 2. Peripheral vascular disease
98
Tier 1 conditions of the vasculature:
1. Artherosclerosis
2. Systemic Hypertension
3. Ischemic heart disease
4. Acute myocardial infraction
5. Carotid artery disease
99
Ischemic heart disease
| and carotid artery disease are tier:
1
100
Systemic hypertension and artherosclerosis are tier:
1
101
These are signs of what disease?
Hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of body
Hemianethesia: cant feel ones side of body
Homonymous: affecting the same part of the same visual field of each eye
Hemianopsia: less vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field
Aphasia: loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
TIA
102
Detection of what disease?
carotid doppler/duplex-ultrasonography to see thickness of plaque
TIA
103
Angiogram is used to detect
TIA
104
Neovascularization of the iris is known as? Caused by what disease
Rubeosis iridis, TIA
105
Thrombosis, stenosis, and dissection of the vascular system are checked when patients complain of
transient monocular blur-out of vision or fleeting moments of monocular "dimming"
106
Pharmacological blood thinning agents (such as aspirin), placement of stents within lumen of vessels are treatments for
Prestroke carotid artery stenosis in TIA
107
Balloon angioplasty surgical approach is used for
removing unwanted atherosclerotic plaques (carotid endarterectomy)
