Vascular Disorders I Flashcards
(34 cards)
Edema
Fluid in interstitium
Effusion
Fluid in cavity
Appearance of SQ edema
Shiny, clear (pink) instead of normal white fat
Appearance of intestinal edema
Enlargement of submucosa (under mucosa but over muscularis) by clear gelatinous fluid
Appearance of pulmonary edema
- Foam = fluid mixed with surfactant
- Interlobar septa engorged w/ fluid
- Lungs will NOT collapse -> no loss of (-) pressure
Describe fluid flow moving from arteries to veins
Flow into vessels is constant
Flow out of vessels decreases
Which substances cause LOCAL edema via endothelial contraction of venules?
- Histamine (mast cells)
- Serotonin (platelets)
PG and PAF
Which substances cause SYSTEMIC edema via endothelial cytoskeleton rearrangement in capillaries and venules?
- TNF-a
- IL-1
Where does VEGF cause vascular leakage?
Venules only
Where does leukocyte-mediated vascular leakage occur?
Capillary and venules
Which substances mediate Leukocyte-mediated vascular injury?
Chemokines, C5a, LTB4
Lymphadenitis
Inflammation of lymph node
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Why does liver disease cause ascites and generalized edema?
- Ascites b/c portal hypertension
- Generalized edema b/c low albumin
Right sided heart failure causes
1) Pleural effusion
2) +/- general edema
3) GENERALIZED congestion
Left sided heart failure causes
1) Pulmonary edema
2) Pulmonary congestion
CATS may also have pleural effusion and chylothorax [lymph]
Transudate effusion
Contents:
- Low protein (unless “modified”)
- Low cellularity
Appearance:
- clear/yellow, watery
Causes:
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Low oncotic pressure
Prefix:
- “Hydro-“
- EXCEPT abdomen; just “ascites”
Exudate effusion
Contents:
- High protein/cellularity
Appearance:
- Opaque or nearly opaque
- white/tan/yellow/red/brown
Cause:
- Inflammation [b/c need to release cells from blood vessels]
Prefix:
- “Pyo-“ if neutrophils
Lymph effusion
Contents:
- High TGs
Appearance:
- Thin and milky-white
Cause:
- Disrupted thoracic duct
- Obstructed lymphatics
- Left heart failure in cats
What is hyperemia and under which circumstances does it occur?
Active, arterial-mediated increase in inflow and outflow
Manifests as bright red
- Inflammation
- Exercise
What is congestion and when does it occur?
Passive, reduced outflow w/ normal inflow
Generalized if right heart failure
Pulmonary if left heart failure
Hypostatic congestion = post-mortem, gravity-dependent
Hematoma
Hemorrhage into a confined space
Forms a “mass” of blood
List the three classifications of hemorrhage in order of increasing size
Petechia(e) < Purpura < Ecchymosis
0-3 mm, 3mm - 1 cm, 1 - 3 cm
When is fluid resuscitation called for?
Rapid loss of > 1-2% body weight
