Vascular Disturbances

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

The study of structural and functional abnormalities in cells, tissues, organs and body systems = disease

Question 2

Lesion

Answer 2

Any abnormality

Question 3

What determines if a lesion is clinical vs subclinical?

Answer 3

The organs functional reserve capacity

Question 4

Aetiology

Answer 4

Cause of disease

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

How a disease/lesion develops

Question 6

Sequelae

Answer 6

Consequences of lesion/ disease

Question 7

Mechanisms/ processes of disease

Answer 7

Vascular disturbances
Inflammation
Healing and repair
Adaptive tissue response
Pigments, infiltrates and storage disease 
Necrosis, cell degeneration and death
Neoplasia 
Teratology

Question 8

Oedema/ transudate

Answer 8

Excess extracellular fluid

Low protein, few cells, salty, watery fluid

Question 9

Exudate

Answer 9

Inflammatory effusion

High protein, many cells, fibrin present

Question 10

Primary causes of oedema

Answer 10

Increased intravascular pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Low blood oncotic pressure
High interstitial osmotic pressure
High vascular permeability

Question 11

Right sided heart failure

Answer 11

Congestion of liver –> increased hydrostatic pressure in sinusoids –> fluid forced into spaces of disse –> drains to lymphatics –> leaks into abdominal cavity = ascites

Question 12

Left sided heart failure

Answer 12

Congestion of lungs

Increased hydrostatic pressure septal capillaries

Pulmonary oedema

Question 13

Hyperaemia

Answer 13

Too much blood within circulation

Active - increased arterial supply
Passive - reduced venous drainage

Question 14

Active hyperaemia

Answer 14

Increased arterial pressure = pink tissues

Physiological process - exercise etc
Pathological process - inflammation

Question 15

Passive hyperaemia

Answer 15

Decreased drainage of blood through veins = increased blood = dull red tissue (blood poorly oxygenated)
Capillary bed engorged with blood

Always pathological process
Accumulation of metabolic waste products due to decreased drainage

Question 16

Blood volume expansion

Answer 16

Increase in arterial stretch and/or pressure

Stimulates cardiomyocytes to release natriuretic peptides to decrease extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure

Question 17

Effects of natiuretic peptides

Answer 17

Vasodilation (ANP, BNP)
Increased glomerular filtration rate (ANP)
Increased sodium excretion (ANP, BNP)
Inhibit renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (ANP, BNP)
Inhibit endothelium release (ANP)
Increase vascular permeability (ANP)
Inhibit vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, cardiac myocyte proliferation

Question 18

Ischemia

Answer 18

Too little blood within circulatory bed

Generalised - blood loss, dehydration, anaemia
Localised - obstruction to blood flow

Ischemic necrosis - if rapid and cannot adapt quickly = tissue dies

Question 19

Physiological response to dehydration

Answer 19

Decreases blood vol. and pressure + increases osmolarity

- leads to vasoconstriction to increase osmolarity –> increase ADH –> renal reabsorption and thirst

Question 20

Shock

Answer 20

Inadequate perfusion of an organs micro circulation

Question 21

Give an example of what increases intravascular pressure

Answer 21

Hyperaemia
Active - exercise
Passive - portal hypertension (RSHF) or pulmonary hypertension (LSHF)

Question 22

Give an example of lymphatic obstruction

Answer 22

Blockage by tumour in lymph nodes

Question 23

Give an example of what decreases blood oncotic pressure

Answer 23

Whipped disease (malabsorption of amino acids from gut)

Excessive loss of albumin (renal damage to glomerulus)

Question 24

Give an example of what increases interstitial osmotic pressure

Answer 24

Excess ion intake

Kidney insufficiency

Question 25

Give an example of what increases vascular permeability

Answer 25

Allergy
Virus/ bacteria
Endotoxins
Clotting abnormalities