Vascular final review Flashcards by kamal armstead

(Vessel wall)
Tunica externa

AKA, Tunica adventitia. the outer layer made of connective tissue.

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(Vessel wall)
Tunica media

Middle layer. This layer is thicker and more contractile in arteries than in veins.

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(Vessel wall)
Tunica intima

The inner lining of the arterial wall, thinnest layer, comprised of a single layer of endothelium supported by a subendothelial layer.

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What is the primary function of the Vasa Vasorum

To provide nourishment to the tunica adventitia. Larger arteries and veins that contain small blood vessels within their walls

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The ability of a vessel to store potential energy.

How much it expands (compliance). its ability to recoil (capacitance)

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Which is naturally more compliant. Veins or arteries

Veins are naturally more compliant than arteries (they expand more)
*Arteries exhibit more capacitance than veins (they recoil more)

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Vasodilation

increase in blood flow in response to demand

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Vasoconstriction

decrease in blood flow in response to lower blood pressure

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Vessels that regulate blood flow, also called resistance vessels

Arterioles

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(Hemodynamics)
Laminar Flow

Layered manner in which blood flow courses within an arterial. Seen in most arteries

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(Hemodynamics)
Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow occurs both in normal and abnormal conditions. Blood flow is disrupted and no longer flows in smooth layers and is instead considered chaotic and unorganized

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Pressure gradients
increase when flow
increases or resistance
increases. T/F

(True)

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ENERGY IS
LOST THROUGHOUT THE BODY DURING
EACH CARDIAC
CYCLE. T/F

(True)

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Measure of the resistance of blood to flow. Described as the thickness and stickiness of blood

Blood Viscosity

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Relationship between Diameter and Velocity

As the diameter decreases the velocity increase. As the diameter increases the velocity decrease

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What describes the relationship between volume flow (Q), pressure (P), and
resistance (R).

Poiseuille’s Law

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The pressure at a stenosis is less than the pressure proximal and distal to the stenotic area.

Bernoulli Principle

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The amount of fluid moving past a point at a specific time is known as

volumetric flow rate

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Compared to the arteries, veins have?

More collagen and elastic fibers than muscle fibers

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What factor has the greatest influence on flow resistance?

Vessel radius

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On which axis on the spectral display is time displayed?

x-axis

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(Viscosity)
If resistance increases, what happens to flow?

decreases

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The movement of blood flow is what type of energy?

Kinetic Energy

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Helical flow (eddy currents) with flow separation on the wall away from the flow divider is a sign of?

Normal flow dynamics

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The physical principles associated with the study of blood circulation are termed:

hemodynamics

Peripheral resistance (downstream at the arterial bed) is controlled by?

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the arterioles

The Reynolds number describes the?

Point at which resistance to flow becomes turbulent

If the viscosity of blood increases, what happens to resistance?

increases

The ability of veins to accommodate large shifts in volume with only limited changes in venous pressure is known as?

Compliance

Flow characterized by multiple velocity and direction components is called:

turbulent flow

What does the number 2000 represent in the formula for Reynolds number?

Turbulent flow

The smallest vessels in the body are?

Capillaries

According to Poiseuille’s law, what would occur to the pressure gradient across an arterial segment in which the radius has been reduced by one-half?

It would increase

Constant flow velocity across the vessel is termed:

Laminar Flow

During systole, a nonrigid arterial wall will expand and in diastole it recoils. This is known as:

Capacitance

The energy of something in motion is termed?

Kinetic Energy

Within the circulatory system, pressure differences and flow rate are:

directly related

What must be present in order for flow to occur?

pressure gradient

What is the Doppler effect?

A change in the frequency in the detected wave when the source or the detector is moving

What is the difference between the gradient during systole and diastole?

During systole the gradient is larger During diastole, the gradient is smaller

What does the abbreviation ALARA stand for?

As low as reasonable achievable

Which setting produces the most heat out of M mode, color Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler

Pulsed wave doppler

What must sound travel through

Medium

What does sound NOT travel through?

Vaccum

Absorption increases with

Frequency

How much energy of the sound wave is lost due to the absorption

80%

What happens to the pressure level during a stenosis

Decreases

The difference between the pressure within the vein (intramural) and the tissue pressure outside the vein (interstitial)

Transmural Pressure

Which of the following causes the veins to lose their elliptical shape and become more circular?

increased transmural pressure

With laminar flow in a straight vessel, what part of the flow is said to be fastest?

In the center of the stream

A 50 % reduction in diameter is equal to what percent reduction in area?

75%

The difference in pressure within the vein and the tissue pressure outside the vein is due to?

Transmural pressure

The total energy of the vascular system has two primary components, which are

Potential and kinetic energy

Anterior is defined as

Toward the front

The term “muscle pump” refers to

The calf muscles

According to the Bernoulli principle, if the velocity of blood goes up, what must happen?

There must be a pressure decrease

Peripheral resistance is controlled by:

vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the arterioles

Blood within the pulmonary veins

Contains high oxygen content and flows into the left atrium

Which of the following is the body plane that separates the body into superior and inferior sections?

Transverse

What is the effect of inspiration on venous flow in the lower extremities?

Venous flow in the lower extremities stops during inspiration and returns during expiration.

In the vascular system, which are the main two factors that result in “energy losses”

Friction and Viscosity

Intra-abdominal pressure is decreased with:

expiration

A doubling in the length of a stenosis results in:

A 2-fold increase in energy losses across the stenosis

At any moment, how much of the body's blood volume is found in the veins?

60%--75%

Anechoic describes a region which

Does not return any echoes

The type of pressure that is greatly influenced by gravity is

hydrostatic pressure

The greatest inertial energy losses occur

....as blood exits a stenosis

A venule contains which vessel layers?

Tunica adventitia, tunica media and tunica intima

Which term is not a component within the definition of Poiseuille law?

Inertia

Nutrient and waste exchange occur in which blood vessel?

Capillaries

Which plane splits the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Coronal

Venous pressure and flow are affected by

Velocity of the blood

The abbreviation PSV stands for:

Peak systolic velocity

A critical stenosis is where

Both pressure and flow decrease

The gravitational weight of a column of blood that extends from the heart to a level where blood pressure is determined is

hydrostatic pressure

Which position would result in the greatest hydrostatic pressure?

Standing

`Why would an incorrect placement of a sample volume cause a difference in measured velocity?

A parabolic blood flow profile means that the blood flow at the edges of the vessel lumen will be slower than the layers towards the middle due to friction

A noise that is produced by the vibrations of the surrounding tissues as the result of turbulence in the artery that is commonly heard with a hemodynamically significant stenosis is known as

A bruit

What percentage of blood flow does the ICA (internal carotid artery supply to the brain?

70% TO 80%

The intimal media thickness (IMT) should be reported when it is?

abnormally thick > 1mm

Which ICA distortion is most often associated with symptoms of cerebral ischemia?

Kinking

What is the maximum recommended Thermal index in soft tissue (TIS) that is in keeping with ALARA principles

1.0

The innominate artery gives rise to which two arteries?

Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

Low diastolic flow in a vessel results in?

High resistive index

The arteries that originate from the proximal subclavian arteries and course along the posterior aspect of both sides of the neck are the

Vertebral arteries

A tiny ovoid structure 1 to 1.5 mm in size located in the adventitia of the carotid bifurcation is?

Carotid Body

Greater than 50% of bifurcations of the carotid artery are higher on?

Left side

Which vessel normally supplies NO blood to the brain?

ECA

What is the most common area for atherosclerotic disease in the extracranial arteries?

Proximal internal carotid

The vertebral arteries join to form which vessel intracranially?

Basilar artery

What type of waveform would you most likely expect to see distal to a 80% to 99% stenosis?

Tardus-parvus waveform

If the carotid artery blood flow is expected to be 70 - 80 cm/s the velocity range covered by the color map should be set at?

30 - 40 cm/s

The first branch off the external carotid artery is

Superior thyroid artery

The first branch off the internal carotid artery is the

Ophthalmic artery

A patient having a carotid duplex examination has the following velocities obtained. What is your diagnosis?

Greater than 70% stenosis

What maneuver produces fluctuations in the spectral waveform of the external carotid artery?

Temporal artery tap

A 50 % reduction in diameter is equal to what percent reduction in area?

75%

Collateral flow has a better chance of developing adequately in persons with?

slowly evolving atherosclerotic occulsions

The most common variant of the Aortic Arch is?

Bovine arch/common origin

Homogenous plaque can be described as

Uniform echo pattern

The index most often used during pregnancy to determine high risk is?

Systolic/Diastolic (S/D) ratio

Which of the following becomes an extracranial to intracranial collateral route in the presence of significant ICA disease

Ophthalmic arteries via ECA branches

A bright yellow spot noted within a branch artery upon ophthalmologic examination is called?

Hollenhorst plaque

The maximal post-stenotic flow disturbance (turbulence) occurs?

within 1 cm past the stenosis

Vascular final review Flashcards

(105 cards)