Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Med: Final Material > Vascular Pathology > Flashcards

Vascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular pathology =

A

Obstruction or occlusion leads to ischemia = which causes cell death

atherosclerosis, aneurysm, vasculitis, hypertension, aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cause of obstruction of blood vessels =

A

arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Arteriosclerosis =

A

Sclerosis or “hardening” of the arteries

Narrowing of the arteries caused by a thickening of the artery wall = stiff artery with decreased capacity to move blood through the body

Arteries carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atherosclerosis is a type of ___ = often used interchangeably

A

arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atherosclerosis =

A

Pathogenesis: build up of plaque in medium vessels causing intramural thickening of arterial lumen

Chronic endothelial cell injury and inflammation due to hyperlipidemia, hypertension, toxins

Endothelial cells regulate vasodilation and vasoconstriction, promote hemostasis and prevent thrombosis

Low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) accumulate in blood vessels = plaque

Smooth muscle cell migration to blood vessel lumen = secrete extracellular components that contribute to the development of plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atherosclerosis begins with:

A

changes in the lumen and intima = due to endothelial injury = translates to formation of Fatty Streaks

Macrophage, lipids, smooth muscle cells, T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HDL and LDL

A

Macrophages engulf LDL = oxidized LDL contributes to plaque buildup

HDL are protective = remove LDL from blood vessel walls, remove cholesterol, limit the inflammatory process

Plaque & Fibrous caps form = well defined lipid core covered by a fibrous cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vasa vasorum =

A

vascular network that travels through blood vessel layers from the adventitia to thickened intima = increased risk of hemorrhage = progression of atherosclerosis and formation of thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atherosclerosis modifiable risk factors:

A

Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diabetes Mellitus:

A

chronic condition affecting the bodies ability to use glucose = can result in prolonged elevated blood glucose level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypertension:

A

elevated blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

elevated level of lipids in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Metabolic Syndrome =

A

cluster of 3 out of 5

obesity, hypertension, high blood sugar, hyperlipidemia, low HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atherosclerosis nonmodifiable risk factors:

A

Gender
Advanced Age
Family History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

atherosclerosis
Vessels Affected:

A

Elastic and medium-sized muscular arteries

Areas where laminar flow is disrupted = damage to endothelium

pathologic process that causes disease of the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arteries and the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atherosclerosis Complications:

A

Occlusion of vessel
Disruption of plaque
Emboli
Aneurysm
Peripheral Artery Disease
Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Occlusion of vessel:

A

signs and symptoms vary depending up blood vessel and target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disruption of plaque:

A

can lead to thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Emboli:

A

thrombus/plaque can break free and travel through the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aneurysm:

A

bulge that forms in a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease PAD:

A

build up of plaque or fatty deposits in the peripheral arteries restrict blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Coronary Artery Disease CAD:

A

build up of plaque or fatty deposits in the coronary arteries restrict blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PAD: Clinical presentation

A

Claudication

Ache or cramping in the extremities with exertion = relieved by rest

Diminished distal pulse

Cool extremities

Shiny, hairless skin

Severe PAD = pain at rest, ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Intermittent claudication =

A

characterized by cramp-like pain the legs on exercise

muscles deprived of oxygen = lactate production = pain

occurs after a certain distance and settles on rest after a certain time

caused by atherosclerosis of one or more of the arteries supplying the LE

25
Q

Pulse locations:

A

temporal artery
facial artery
carotid artery
brachial artery
radial artery
femoral artery
popliteal artery
posterior tibial artery
dorsalis pedis artery

26
Q

normal blood pressure

A

systolic: less than 120

diastolic: less than 80

27
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

systolic: 120 -129

diastolic: less than 80

28
Q

hypertension stage 1

A

systolic: 130-139

diastolic: 80-89

29
Q

hypertension stage 2

A

systolic: 140 or higher

diastolic: 90 or higher

30
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

systolic: higher than 180

diastolic: higher than 120

31
Q

Systemic hypertension

A

15-30% of adults

Incidence increases with age = 60% > 65 years of age have hypertension

Males > Females

African Americans > Caucasians

32
Q

Primary hypertension =

A

Not associated with an underlying disease

Associated with genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet

90-95% of cases

33
Q

Secondary hypertension =

A

Associated with another disease

Typically renal, cardiac, neurologic, or stress induced

34
Q

Idiopathic:

A

Slow onset = 10-20 year survival

35
Q

Malignant:

A

Rapid onset

Death with 1-3 years

36
Q

Systemic hypertension during pregnancy =

A

Chronic: Present prior to 20 weeks gestation

Gestational: Occurring after 20 weeks and resolves within 2 weeks of delivery

Preeclampsia: Occurring after 20 weeks and associated with significant proteinuria, edema is common

Severe preeclampsia: same as preeclampsia with end-organ dysfunction

Eclampsia: same as severe preeclampsia with seizures

37
Q

causes of eclampsia =

A

increased blood pressure and the presence of proteins in urine = main signs

can affect the brain if its gets worse

affected brain causes convulsions = eclampsia

38
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension >20/40

associated proteinuria

+/- edema

39
Q

severe pre-eclampsia

A

systolic >160mmHg or diastolic > 100 mmHg

+/- symptoms or abnormal bloods

40
Q

eclampsia

A

convulsions on a background of pre-eclampsia

41
Q

Systemic hypertension Complications

A

Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Cardiac hypertrophy
Compensated vs uncompensated
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Aortic Dissection
Retinopathy

42
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy:

A

compensatory mechanism for decreased cardiac output = compensation becomes inadequate = concentric hypertrophy of the heart = congestive heart failure = sudden death

43
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage:

A

type of intracranial bleed = occurs within the brain tissue

44
Q

Aortic Dissection:

A

leakage of blood through the Innermost lining of the aorta between the layers of the aortic wall

45
Q

Retinopathy:

A

damage to the retina from high blood pressure

46
Q

Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure =

A

affects the blood pressure in arteries of the lungs and right side of the heart

Pulmonary arteries and capillaries narrow due to atherosclerosis

Decreased blood flow and increased pressure

As the pressure increases the right side of the heart works harder to pump blood

Leading to right sided heart pathology

47
Q

Pulmonary hypertension Clinical Presentation:

A

Exertional dyspnea
Weakness
Cyanosis
Jugular venous distension
Chest pain

48
Q

Aortic Dissection =

A

Separation of the aortic media by blood entering the wall through an intimal tear

Risk Factors
> Hypertension: most aortic dissections are due to systemic hypertension
> Connective tissue disorder

Clinical presentation
> Severe, sharp “tearing” pain that radiates to the back
> Asymmetrical pulses

49
Q

Aortic Dissection Complications:

A

Initial tears lead to secondary tears

Enlargement of aortic diameter

Aortic hemorrhage

50
Q

Aneurysms =

A

Dilation of the wall of a blood vessel involving all layers
> Saccular: outpouching from one side of the vessel
> Fusiform: generalized dilation
> Mycotic: occurs as the result of an infection from septic emboli or an aneurysm that has subsequently become infected

Clinical Presentation - pulsating mass

51
Q

aneurysm Pathogenesis =

A

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of aneurysm - Due to intima changes within a blood vessel

Congenital weakness of the vessel wall

Trauma

52
Q

aneurysm Complications:

A

Formation of an emboli that form the aneurysm

Narrowing of the blood vessel causes a decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure

Rupture of the aneurysm = hemorrhage

Obstruction, tissue damage, necrosis

53
Q

Ruptured aortic aneurysm

A

abdominal pain
hypotension
pulsating abdominal mass

Abdominal aortic aneurysms larger than 5 cm = significant increase of rupture

Abdominal aortic aneurysms larger than 4 cm = surgical repair

54
Q

vasculitis =

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels

Most often due to Immune-mediated response

Antibodies bind to antigens that deposit within the vessel walls

Stimulates an immune response resulting in vasculitis

55
Q

Vascular tumors

A

Hemangioma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Angiosarcoma

56
Q

Hemangioma =

A

Benign proliferation of blood vessels

Most commonly infantile hemangioma

Most often on the face, scalp, chest, or back

57
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma =

A

Malignant tumor of the blood

Most commonly associated with infection with human herpes virus 8

58
Q

Angiosarcoma =

A

High-grade malignant tumor of the blood vessels

Risk factors:
> Environmental toxins
> Radiation
> Following axillary dissection with breast cancer

59
Q

Raynaud disease =

A

Pallor and cyanosis of the digits due to cold-induced vasoconstriction

Young Females = typically benign

Older males = due to atherosclerosis, and lupus

Clin Med: Final Material (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions