Vascular System Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart.
A
away
2
Q
Veins carry blood from the tissues ___ the heart.
A
to
3
Q
The smallest branches of arteries are _________.
A
arterioles
4
Q
Arterioles lead into _______.
A
capillaries
5
Q
Capillaries form a network between ______ and _______ systems.
A
arterial and venous
6
Q
After blood passes through capillaries, it is collected in ______.
A
venules
7
Q
A vessel is made of three layers:
A
Intima, media, adventitia
8
Q
The intima is made up of three layers:
A
endothelial cells, connective tissue, and elastic layer
9
Q
The tunica media is made up of _____ muscle fibers with _____ and _________ tissue.
A
smooth muscle fibers with elastic and collagenous tissue
10
Q
The tunica adventitia is made up of _______ connective tissue with bundles of _______ muscle fibers and _____ tissue.
A
loose connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle fibers and elastic tissue
11
Q
The ____ ________ makes up tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels.
A
vasa vasorum
12
Q
The _________ of the larger arteries is important for maintaining steady blood flow.
A
elasticity
13
Q
The abdominal aorta is _________ and will not change in diameter with changes in respiration.
A
pulsatile
14
Q
Veins are collapsible due to the diminished _____ _______ with less ______ tissue or ______ within their walls.
A
diminished tunica media with less elastic tissue or muscle
15
Q
Veins have a _____ total diameter than arteries.
A
larger
16
Q
Veins contain valves to prevent _________ and permit blood in one direction against gravity.
A
backflow
17
Q
The IVC should dilate slightly with suspended _________.
A
respiration
18
Q
The aorta is divided into ____ sections.
A
5
19
Q
The five sections of the aorta are the:
A
root, ascending aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta, and bifurcation
20
Q
The aorta arises from the _____ ________ of the heart.
A
left ventricle
21
Q
The abdominal aorta should be less than ____ in diameter.
A
3 cm
22
Q
The three major anterior branches of the aorta:
A
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
23
Q
The celiac trunk has three branches:
A
common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery
24
Q
The common hepatic artery divides into two branches:
A
gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery
25
The proper hepatic artery divides into three branches:
right and left hepatic arteries, right gastric artery
26
Three lateral branches of the abdominal aorta:
phrenic arteries, renal arteries, gonadal arteries
27
The first anterior branch of the AA:
celiac trunk
28
The celiac trunk arises ___ inferior to the diaphragm.
2 cm
29
The ______ _______ ligament surrounds the aorta at the level of the celiac trunk and has been known to compress the celiac trunk, known as ____ ______ syndrome.
median arcuate ligament, known as celiac band syndrome
30
The ______ and ________ arteries create the seagull or dove sign.
Splenic and hepatic
31
The splenic artery forms the ______ border of the pancreas.
superior
32
The right gastric and gastroduodenal arteries supply the _________ and parts of the __________.
duodenum and parts of the stomach
33
The SMA arises ______ (distance) from the celiac trunk.
1 cm
34
The SMA runs ________ to the neck of the pancreas and _________ to the uncinate process.
posterior to the neck, anterior to the uncinate process
35
The SMA branches into the _______ and _______.
mesnentery and colon
36
The renal arteries arise just inferior to the _______ at the level of the ______ lumbar vertebra.
SMA, first lumbar vertebra
37
The right renal artery courses from aorta _______ to the IVC.
posterior
38
The right renal artery is longer than the left renal artery because the aorta lies more towards the ______ of the abdomen.
left
39
The ____ renal artery courses from the aorta directly into the kidney hilum.
left
40
The gonadal arteries are ______ to the renal arteries.
inferior
41
The gonadal arteries course along the _____ muscles.
psoas
42
The IMA supplies blood to the (three parts of a colon) and the _______.
left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
43
Three branches of the IMA:
left colic artery, sigmoid artery, and superior rectal artery
44
The common iliac arteries divide into the:
internal and external iliac arteries
45
Clinical reasons for an aortic ultrasound: _______ abdominal mass, abdominal pain radiating to the _______, abdominal ______ (abnormal sound), hemodynamic compromise in ________ legs
pulsatile abdominal mass, ab pain radiating to the back, abdominal bruit, hemodynamic compromise in lower legs
46
Arterial system may be affected by ________ (arteriosclerosis), ________ (ballooning), _______ tissue disorder, ________ (burst), ________ (blood clot), or __________ (caused by germs).
atheroma, anuerysm, connective tissue disorder, rupture, thrombosis, or infection
47
Arteriosclerosis occurs when the arterial vascular system becomes ______ and ______.
thick and stiff
48
Atherosclerosis is a form of _________. Occurs when aortic wall becomes irregular from _______ build-up.
arteriosclerosis, plaque build-up
49
An aortic aneurysm is a localized dilation with an increase in diameter greater than _____ times its normal diameter or more than __% increase when compared to adjacent ________ segment.
1.5 times, 50%, proximal segment
50
Surgery is considered when an aneurysm is greater than ______.
5 cm
51
Aneurysms are classified ____ or ______ aneurysms.
True or false
52
Risk factors for AAA: _____ (snuff), _____ (HBP), ______ disease, chronic obstructive _________ disorder, family history for ________.
tobacco, hypertension, vascular disease, COPD, family history of AAA
53
The most common cause of AAA:
atherosclerosis
54
Other causes of a AAA: _____ (injury), ______ defects, _____ (STD), _____ (fungal dissection), cystic medial _______, inflammation of the _____ and ________, increased _______, abnormal _____ load.
trauma, congenital defects, syphilis, mycosis, cystic medial necrosis, inflammation of the media and adventitia, increased pressure, abnormal volume load
55
True anuerysms involve all ______.
three layers of artery
56
True aneurysms is most commonly caused by __________ but also occur secondary to _________ diseases.
atherosclerosis, congenital diseases
57
AAA's most commonly develop ________ (location) ____ %
infrarenally, 95%
58
Two forms of true anuerysms:
fusiform and saccular
59
A fusiform anuerysm extends over the ____ of the aorta to resemble a '_____'-like shape
length, football
60
A saccular anuerysm is connected to a vascular lumen by the _______ that varies in size but may be as ______ as the aneurysm itself.
mouth, large
61
A false anuerysm is also known as a ____________
psuedoanuerysm
62
In a false anuerysm, blood escapes through a hole in the _________ but is contained by the ___________ layers of the aorta or by adjacent tissue.
intima, deeper
63
False aneurysms can occur after trauma or injury to the vessel as a result of _______, ________, or ______________.
accident, surgery, cauterization
64
In a dissecting anuerysm blood escapes through the lumen through a _____ or ____ in the _______ wall.
dissect or tear, in the intimal wall
65
The type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the ascending aorta and aorta arch.
Type 1 and 2
66
The type of dissecting aneurysm that has a high mortality rate.
Type 1 and 2
67
The type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the descending aorta.
Type 3
68
The mortality rate of an AAA rupture:
50%
69
Most common site for an AAA rupture:
infrarenal
70
Aneurysms greater than 5cm have a ____ cumulative incidence of rupture over 8 years.
25%
71
Symptoms of an AAA rupture are excruciating ______ pain, _____ (trauma), expanding abdominal ____.
abdominal pain, shock, expanding abdominal mass
72
Aortic grafts repairs anuerysms with a _______ graft material attached to the end of the remaining intact _____.
flexible, intact aorta
73
Aortic grafts are placed within: (3 sites)
aorta, iliac, or femoral arteries
74
Aortic grafts produce ____ echo reflections
bright
75
Complications of aortic grafts include forming another _______, ________ (blood pooling), _______ (germs), degeneration of _______ material.
aneurysm, hematoma, infection, degeneration of graft material
76
Aortic ectasia implies the ______ distortion of a vessel.
diffuse
77
An aneurysm is a region of _____ enlargement.
focal
78
The IVC is a large, collapsible vein that returns blood into the right ____ of the heart.
atrium
79
The IVC is formed by the union of the _______.
common iliac veins
80
The IVC ascends vertically through the __________ space on the _____ side of the aorta.
retroperitoneal, right
81
Intrahepatic portion of the IVC is seen by using the ____ as an acoustic window.
liver
82
Complete IVC is imaged on _____ plane.
Sagittal
83
The hepatic veins return _____ blood from the _____.
unoxygenated, liver
84
There are three hepatic veins:
right hepatic, middle hepatic, left hepatic
85
All 3 hepatic veins drain into the _____ on its ________ aspect at the level of the diaphragm.
IVC, anterior
86
The right suprarenal vein is a _____ tributary.
lateral
87
The left suprarenal vein drains into the _______.
Left renal vein
88
Renal veins are ______ tributaries.
lateral
89
The left renal vein courses between the ____ and ______.
SMA, aorta
90
The right renal vein is ____ than the left because of the position of the _____.
shorter, IVC
91
The left gonadal vein drains into the _____ or _____.
left renal vein or left adrenal vein
92
The right gonadal vein enters into the ____ on the ________ border above the lumbar veins.
IVC, anterolateral border
93
There are _____ lateral abdominal wall vein tributaries:
five; inferior phrenic and four lumbar veins
94
The three veins of origin are the:
two common iliac veins and median sacral vein
95
Acquired abnormalities of the IVC are ______ (enlargement), _______ (mass), ________(clot).
dilation, tumor, and thrombosis
96
The most common tumor is a _________ usually arising from the _________.
renal cell carcinoma, right kidney
97
______'s tumor can be seen extending into the IVC and _____ atrium.
Wilm's, right
98
Patients with IVC thrombosis present with leg ____, low _____ pain, ______ (area of body) pain, GI ________, and ____/_____ (two organs) abnormalities.
edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, GI complaints, and renal/liver abnormalities
99
An IVC filter is a wire mesh implanted to trap small _____ that may cause problems in the ____ or the _______.
emboli, heart or the lungs
100
The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis from the ___________.
lower extremities
101
IVC filters are used to prevent recurrent embolization in patients who can't tolerate __________.
anticoagulants
102
The preferred placement of IVC filters are at:
iliac bifurcation below renal veins
103
The portal vein supplies the _____ with incompletely ______ venous blood from the ________ and _______.
liver, oxygenated, spleen and intestines
104
The portal vein supplies ___% incompletely oxygenated blood
80%
105
The portal vein forms the ______ border of the pancreas.
posterior
106
The portal system carries blood from the _________ to the liver by ___ main branches.
intestines, two
107
The two main branches of the portal system are:
right and left portal veins
108
The right portal vein bifurcates into:
anterior and posterior branches
109
The left portal vein bifurcates into:
medial and lateral branches
110
The portal venous system drains blood from the __________ tract, lower end of the _____ to the upper end of the _____ canal; and from the: (3 organs) ______, ______, _____ ducts, and ________.
gastrointestinal tract, lower end of the esophagus to the upper end of the anal canal and from the gallbladder, CBD, pancreas, and spleen
111
Portal venous hypertension is caused by the ______ of the portal vein, ____ vein, IVC, or prolonged _________.
obstruction, hepatic, prolonged congestive heart failure
112
Portal flow towards transducer:
hepatopetal
113
Portal flow away from transducer:
hepatofugal
114
Portal venous hypertension is treated with ______.
TIPS
115
TIPS stands for:
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
116
In portal venous hypertension, blood is diverted in a ________ direction via various ______ pathways.
hepatofugal, collateral
117
The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: dilated (veins) ____, _____, _____.
portal, splenic, SMV
118
The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: patent _________ vein
paraumbilical
119
The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: _____ (swollen veins), ______ (enlarged spleen), diminished response to _______ in portal system.
varices, splenomegaly, respiration
120
The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: dilated ______ and ______ arteries
hepatic and splenic arteries
121
The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: _____ (fluid in abdomen) and _____ liver with ______ surface or _____ liver with ______ texture.
ascites, small liver with irregular surface or large liver with abnormal texture
122
The portal triad consists of:
portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
123
The portal vein has an ______ wall
echogenic
124
The portal triad forms the ________ sign.
Mickey Mouse
125
The splenic vein begins at the _____ of the _____.
hilum of the spleen
126
The splenic vein is joined by the _____ and ______ veins.
gastric and left gastroepiploic veins
127
The splenic vein runs along the _______ border of the pancreas.
posteriomedial
128
The splenic vein crosses ________ to the aorta and IVC and also along the _____ and _____ borders of the pancreatic body and tail.
anterior, medial and posterior borders
129
The SMV joins the _____ to form the main portal vein.
splenic vein
130
The SMV passes ______ to the third part of the duodenum and _______ to the neck of pancreas.
anterior, posterior
131
The SMV lies _____ to the SMA and ______ to the IVC.
adjacent, anterior
132
The SMV lies ____ to the uncinate process of the pancreas and _____ to the pancreatic body.
anterior, posterior
133
The inferior mesenteric vein drains the left third of the ______ and upper _____ and ascends retroperitoneally along the left ______ muscle.
colon, colon, left psoas muscle
134
The IMV runs ________ in the posterior abdominal wall on the left side of the IMA to join the _______ vein posterior to the pancreas.
superiorly, splenic vein
135
Abdominal Doppler techniques can show the presence or _______ of flow, _______ of flow, _________ of flow, ______ characterization.
absence, direction, disturbance, tissue characterization
136
Doppler waveform can be non-________ or _______.
non-resistive or resistive
137
Nonresistive vessels are also known as ______ resistance.
low
138
Nonresistive vessels have a _____ diastolic component.
high
139
Nonresistive vessels supply organs that need ______ perfusion.
constant
140
Examples of nonresitive vessels include the internal _______ (brain), _________ (liver) artery, and _______ (kidney) artery.
ICA, hepatic artery, and renal artery
141
Resistive vessels are known as _____ resistance.
high
142
Resistive vessels have very ______ or even ______ flow in diastole.
little or even reversed flow
143
Resistive vessels supply organs that do not need a constant ______ supply.
blood
144
Examples of resistive vessels are the ________ artery, _______ artery (legs) and _______ arteries (arms).
ECA, iliac artery and brachial arteries
145
The spectral display has three axes:
x = time
y = Doppler shift frequency (velocity)
z = gray scale
146
What does the Doppler shift frequency indicate in positive and negative shifts?
positive = flow toward transducer above the baseline
negative = flow away from transducer below the baseline
147
More red blood cells produce a ________ gray scale.
brighter
148
The proximal aorta has a ____ systolic and _____ diastolic flow.
High systolic and low diastolic
149
Distal aorta demonstrates _______ flow.
triphasic
150
The celiac axis is ________ after meals.
unchanged
151
The splenic artery is prone to ________.
aneurysm
152
The SMA is ______ resistive in fasting patients.
highly
153
The SMA is ______ resistive in nonfasting patients.
Nonresistive
154
The hepatic artery is crucial in ______ transplants.
heart
155
The renal artery has a ________ flow.
nonresistive
156
The renal vein has ______ flow like the IVC.
variable
157
The _____ vein is evaluated with transplants.
renal
158
The IVC and hepatic veins vary with ________.
respiration
159
The IVC and hepatic veins flow _____ and ____ the baseline. This is due to reflux from the _________.
above and below, right atrium
160
Budd-Chiari syndrome is the thrombosis of the ____________.
hepatic veins
161
Hepatic veins are small with ________ material in Budd-Chiari.
echogenic
162
The presence of ______ flow in the hepatic veins excludes Budd-Chiari syndrome.
normal
163
The portal vein has ________ flow.
hepatopetal
164
The portal vein has a _______ flow pattern that varies slightly with __________.
continuous flow, respiration
165
The portal vein can have a ___________ transformation.
cavernous
166
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein is seen in patients with _______ portal vein obstruction or _______.
chronic, thrombosis
167
In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, the _________ portal vein is not visualized.
extrahepatic
168
In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, an echogenic area is present in the _________.
porta hepatis
169
In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, _________collaterals are present.
periportal
