Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PCAT, Biology > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Aorta

A

Blood is pumped into

branches into a series of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Route of blood

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped into the AORTA-> branches into arteries which then branch into arterioes which then branch into capillaries–> blood is oxygenated –> capillaries converge into venules –> converge into veins –> blood deoxygenated–> blood back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Right side of heart

A

pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation

Right ventricle not as muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ventricle

A

lower chambers of heart, right and left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Left side of heart

A

pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)
Left ventricle more muscular than right because it has to pump blood to all the body, has to pump against a higher resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart prevent backflow of blood into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve on right side of the heart

has three cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mitral valve

A

valve on left side of the heart

has two cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

semilunar valve

A

have three cusps
located between the left ventricle and the aorta (aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

systole

A

period of heartbeat during which the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diastole

A

period of heartbeat when cardiac muscles relax and blood drains into all four chambers of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cardiac output

A

total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. heart rate x stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

(SA NODE) pacemaker, small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium, spreads impulses through both atria stimulating them to contract simultaneously. Ordinary cardiac contraction originates in and is regulated by the SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

AV node, impulse from SA node arrives here, conducts slowly, allows time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

carries impulse from SA–>AV–> bundle of His, which branches into the right and left bundle branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

purkinje fibers

A

impulse goes through here after SA->AV–> AV bundle, in the walls of both ventricles which causes a strong contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

modifies the rate of heart contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vagus nerve

A

Parasympathetic system innervates the heart by using this, causes a decrease in heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sympathetic System Action

A

innervates the heart via the cervical and upper thoraic ganglia and causes an increase in heart rate. Adrenal medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine secretion which causes an increase in heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Arteries

A

thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels, transport oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

veins

A

relatively thin arteries, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood to the heart (EXCEPT FOR PULMONARY VEINS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lymphatic System
secondary circulatory system, vessels transport interstitial fluid called lymph to the cardiovascular system keeping fluid levels in the body constant.
26
Lacteals
The smallest lymphatic vessels, collect fats in the form of chlomicrons from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream bypassing the liver
27
Lymph Nodes
swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells called lymphocytes that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens
28
Blood
four to six liters in the body, both liquid (55%) and cellular components (45%)
29
Plasma
Liquid component of blood, aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins
30
Cellular Components of Blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
31
Erythrocytes
red blood cells: oxygen carrying components of blood, contains approximately 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, distinct biconcave shape for increased surface area and flexibility, formed from stem cells in the capillaries that lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and membranous organelles
32
Leukocytes
White blood cells: Main component of the immune system. larger than erythrocytes, protective functions. Phagocytize foreign matter, migrate from blood to tissue where they mature into a macrophage. Lymphocytes are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B Cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)
33
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to four oxygen
34
platelets
cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation, involved in injury repair
35
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
36
Transport of Nutrients
amino acids and sugars are absorbed into the blood stream at the intestinal capillaries and after processing are transported throughout the body.
37
Transport of waste
diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells, then delivered to the appropriate excretory organs
38
Platelet Plug
forms when platelets come in contact with exposed collagen of a damaged vessel which then release a chemical that causes platelets to adhere to one another
39
Thromboplastin
Clotting factor released by platelets and the damaged tissue. Cofactors are calcium and vitamin K. It coverts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to the active form thrombin.
40
Thrombin
Active form of Prothrombin. Converts fibrinogen, a plasma protein, into fibrin.
41
Fibrin
Threads of fibrin coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot.
42
Serum
fluid left after blood clotting
43
Process of Clotting
Platelets in contact with exposed collagen--> thromboplastin released-> (prothrombin to thrombin)--> (fibrinogen to fibrin)-> traps blood cells to clot
44
humoral immunity
compromised by specific immunity, involves the production of antibodies
45
cell-mediated immunity
cells combat fungal and viral infections
46
skin
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, barrier against bacterial invasion
47
mucus- coated epithelia
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, filter and trap foreign particles
48
macrophages
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, engulf and destroy foreign particles
49
Inflammatory response
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, injured cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate increasing blood flow to the region. Granulocytes are attracted to the injured site and phagocytize antigenic material. Also accompanied by fever, interferons produced and diffuse to other cells to prevent spread of virus
50
Allergic reaction
inappropriate response to certain foods and pollen cause the body to form antibodies and release histamine
51
Immunoglobulins (aka Antibodies)
Humoral Immunity, complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them.
52
Leukocytes (Humoral Immunity Response)
attracted by antibodies, phagocytize the antigen or cause the antigen to clump together, agglutinate, and form large insoluble complexes, facilitating their removal by phagocytic cells.
53
Active Immunity
refers to production of antibodies during an immune response, can be conferred by vaccination, stimulates the immune system to produce specific antibodies against it
54
Passive Immunity
transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism, acquired passively or by injection. lasts only as long as the antibodies circulate in the blood system.
55
Gamma globulin
fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity
56
antigens
Characteristic cell surface proteins on erythrocytes. Macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response. Two major groups of red blood cell antigens: ABO group and Rh factor.
57
Blood type A
antigen: A Antibody: anti-B Can donate to: A and AB Can receive from: A and O
58
Blood type B
antigen: B Antibody: anti-A Can donate to: B and AB Can receive from: B and O
59
Blood type AB
antigen: A and B Antibody: none Can donate to: AB only Can receive from: universal acceptor
60
Blood type O
antigen: none Antibody: anti-A and anti-B Can donate to: all Universal Donor Can receive from: O only
61
Rh Factor
may be present on the surface of a red blood cell. Rh+ or Rh-. Especially important during pregnancy.

PCAT, Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions