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VASOCONSTRICTORS Flashcards

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1
Q

are an integral and necessary part of most local anesthetic solutions used in dentistry

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS

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2
Q

drugs that contract the smooth muscle in blood vessels, which causes the vessels to constrict

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS

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3
Q

VASOCONSTRICTORS

by constricting blood vessels, it decreases _____ (perfusion) to the site of drug administration
o local anesthetic stays within area of administration due to
constriction of blood vessels

A

blood flow

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4
Q

VASOCONSTRICTORS

absorption of the local anesthetic into the cardiovascular system
is ____, resulting in lower anesthetic blood levels

A

slowed

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5
Q

VASOCONSTRICTORS

local anesthetics blood levels are ______, thereby decreasing
the risk of the local anesthetic toxicity

A

lowered

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6
Q

more local anesthetics enter into the nerve, where it remains for
longer periods, thereby increasing the duration of action of most local anesthetics

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS

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7
Q

it decreases bleeding at the site of administration, therefore,
they are useful when increased bleeding is anticipated

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS

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8
Q

→ an increase rate of absorption of the local anesthetics into the cardiovascular system, which in turn removes it from the injection site (redistribution)

o effectiveness of local anesthesia will not be as felt due to

widening of blood vessels
o there is a tendency to place more local anesthetic

A

VASODILATORS

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9
Q

higher plasma levels of the local anesthetic, with an attendant increase in the risk of local anesthetic toxicity (overdose)

A

VASODILATORS

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10
Q

decrease in both the depth and duration of anesthesia because the local anesthetic diffuses away from the injection site more rapidly

A

VASODILATORS

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11
Q

increase bleeding at the site of treatment as a result of increased perfusion

A

VASODILATORS

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12
Q

classification of sympathomimetic drugs by chemical structure is related to the presence or absence of _____

A

catechol nucleus

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13
Q

is ortho dihydroxybenzene

A. catechol
B. vasoconstrictors

A

A

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14
Q

are either catecholamines or
non-catecholamines

A. catechol
B. vasoconstrictors

A

B

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15
Q

vasoconstrictors that do not possess OH group in the third or fourth position of the aromatic molecule are not catechols but are ____ because they have an NH2 group attached to the ____ side chain

A

amines, aliphatic

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16
Q

chemical structure of a vasoconstrictor includes:

A

Catechol
Catecholamine
Non-Catecholamine

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17
Q

T/F

All vasoconstrictors are amines but not all are catechol.

A

T

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18
Q

there are (3) categories of sympathomimetic amines:

A

Direct-Acting

Indirect Acting

Mixed Acting or Combination

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19
Q

attaching or directly stimulating adrenergic receptors

A. Direct-Acting
B. Indirect Acting
C. Mixed Acting or Combination

A

A

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20
Q

acts by releasing norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals

A. Direct-Acting
B. Indirect Acting
C. Mixed Acting or Combination

A

B

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21
Q

both direct and indirect actions

A. Direct-Acting
B. Indirect Acting
C. Mixed Acting or Combination

A

C

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22
Q

found in most tissues of the body

A

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

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23
Q

these types of receptors can be found in surfaces of cells that
get activated when they bind to a type of neurotransmitter such
as catecholamines

A

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

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24
Q

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

has (2) major categories:

A

Alpha, Beta

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25
produces excitation of catecholamines A. Alpha B. Beta
A
26
vasoconstriction A. Alpha B. Beta
A
27
produces inhibition of catecholamines A. Alpha B. Beta
B
28
vasodilation A. Alpha B. Beta
B
29
excitatory A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2
A
30
postsynaptic A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2 E. Both A and b F. Both C and D
E
31
inhibitory A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2
B
32
heart and small intestine A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2 E. Both A and b F. Both C and D
C
33
responsible for cardiac stimulation & lipolysis A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2 E. Both A and b F. Both C and D
C
34
bronchi, vascular beds and uterus A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2 E. Both A and b F. Both C and D
D
35
produce bronchodilation & vasodilation A. A1 B. A2 C. B1 D. B2 E. Both A and b F. Both C and D
D
36
Maximum doses of vasoconstrictors are presented in ____ or more commonly today as ____ (μg).
milligrams, micrograms
37
Maximum doses of vasoconstrictors are presented in ____ or more commonly today as ____ (μg).
milligrams, micrograms
38
elevation of epinephrine plasma levels is linearly ____-dependent and persist from several minutes to half an hour
dose
39
associated with moderate increase in cardiac output and stroke volume, blood pressure and heart rate
EPINEPHRINE
40
in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular or thyroid disease, the side effects of absorbed ___ must be weighed against those of elevated local anesthetic blood vessels
epinephrine
41
T/ F IV administration of 0.015 mg of epinephrine with lidocaine results in increase in heart rate ranging from 25-70 beats per minute with elevations in the systolic blood from 20-70 mm HG
T
42
occasionally rhythm disturbances may also be observed along with premature ventricular contractions (PVCS)
EPINEPHRINE
43
most useful and represents the best example of a drug mimicking the activity of sympathetic discharge
EPINEPHRINE
44
proprietary name of EPINEPHRINE
adrenalin
45
EPINEPHRINE as the acid salt, it is highly ___ in water
soluble
46
In EPINEPHRINE this is added to delay deterioration
sodium bisulfite
47
shelf life of a cartridge with vasoconstrictor is shorter (18 months) than without a vasoconstrictor (36 months)
EPINEPHRINE
48
MODE OF ACTION → acts directly on both A and B adrenergic receptors (B effects predominate)
EPINEPHRINE
49
SYSTEMIC ACTION OF EPINEPHRINE
MYOCARDIUM PACEMAKER CELLS CORONARY ARTERIES BLOOD PRESSURE CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS VASCULATURE HEMOSTASIS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM METABOLISM
50
SYSTEMIC ACTION OF EPINEPHRINE
MYOCARDIUM PACEMAKER CELLS CORONARY ARTERIES BLOOD PRESSURE CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS VASCULATURE HEMOSTASIS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM METABOLISM
51
epinephrine-containing local anesthetic solutions are used via infiltration into surgical sites to prevent or to minimize hemorrhage during surgical procedures
HEMOSTASIS
52
T/ F 1:50,000 dilution of epinephrine is more effective than less concentrated 1:100,000 or 1:200,000 solutions
T
53
T/ F 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 epinephrine dilution are more effective in restricting surgical blood loss than local anesthetics without vasoconstrictor additives
T
54
PROPRIETARY NAME Norepinephrine
Levophed
55
PROPRIETARY NAME Phenylephrine hydrochloride
Neo-Synephrine
56
PROPRIETARY NAME Levonordefrin
Neo-Cobefrin
57
PROPRIETARY NAME Felypressin
Octapressin
58
useful in treatment of anxiety, tension, ang agitation
Phenothiazine (psycho sedatives)
59
produce the opposite effect of alpha blocking agents
Propranolol or Inderal
60
SELECTION OF VASOCONSTRICTOR
→ duration of desired effect → length of the dental procedures → requirement for hemostasis → medical status of the patient/physical condition of the patient → concurrent medication
61
Norepinephrine This is added to the cartridge to retard deterioration.
Acetone–sodium bisulfite
62
T/F Norepinephrine and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is not clinically effective in the management of bronchospasm.
T
63
has no effect on adrenergic nerve transmission; thus it may be safely administered to hyperthyroid patients
Felypressin
64
This would likely increase bleeding at the surgical site rather than minimize it.
Felypressin
65
It is the stablest and the weakest vasoconstrictor used in dentistry.
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride
66
used as a vasoconstrictor in local anes- thetics, for the management of hypotension, as a nasal decongestant, and in ophthalmic solutions to produce mydriasis.
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride

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