Vaugn Lectures

Question 1

Respiratory system functions

Answer 1

Warming and moistening air, regulation of airflows olfaction, mucociliary clearance

Question 2

Conducting airways structures

Answer 2

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 3

Respiratory portion

Answer 3

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Gas exchange!

Question 4

What in the nasal cavity has keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 4

The vestibule, it is similar to skin

Question 5

Respiratory epithelium

Answer 5

Pseudostratified, ciliated, goblet cells

Question 6

Function of turbinates

Answer 6

Create turbulence and increase surface area in nasal cavity for air conditioning and filtration

Question 7

Site of olfactory epithelium

Answer 7

Nasal septum and turbinates

Question 8

Olfactory epithelium characteristics

Answer 8

Pseudostratified, olfactory sensory neurons, sustentaculsr supportive cells, basal regenerative cells

Question 9

What makes olfactory sensory neurons

Answer 9

Basal cells

Question 10

Where is mucous made in olfactory sensory neurons

Answer 10

Bowman’s gland

Question 11

Is olfactory epithelium ciliated

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Why is olfaction lost in COVID

Answer 12

Sustentacular cells in olfactory sensory neurons have the infection receptor for COVID and since it is supportive, olfaction is lost

Question 13

Nasopharyngeal cell type

Answer 13

Respiratory epithelium

Question 14

Oropharynx and larynx and laryngopharynx cell type

Answer 14

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 15

Trachea epithelium

Answer 15

Respiratory epithelium

Question 16

Ionocyte and CFTR

Answer 16

Mutations in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis

Question 17

Bronchi epithelium type

Answer 17

Respiratory epithelium and smooth muscle and plates of cartilage

Question 18

If a bronchi has a submucosal gland what does that say about the animal

Answer 18

It is large

Question 19

Bronchioles epithelium

Answer 19

Glands and cartilage are absent
Layer of smooth muscle is bigger relatively

Question 20

Terminal bronchioles

Answer 20

Last bronchioles of the conducting pathway

Question 21

Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 21

Makes the alveoli for gas exchange
Terminate into alveolar ducts and sacs

Question 22

Alveolar type 2 cells characteristics

Answer 22

Cuboidal, non-ciliated and possess lamellar bodies
Produce surfactant protein
Stem cells of distal lung

Question 23

Alveolar type 1 cells characteristics

Answer 23

Large squamous, facilitate exchange between air and blood

Question 24

Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 24

Decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar sacs from collapsing

Question 25

Alveolar macrophage

Answer 25

Sit on epithelial lining to get unwanted particles out (analogous to submucosal glands)

Question 26

Where does gas exchange occur in alveoli

Answer 26

Between capillaries and type 1 alveolar cells at the alveolar epithelium

Question 27

Pulmonary arteries branch into

Answer 27

Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange at alveoli

Question 28

Heterogeneity in capillaries

Answer 28

General capillaries as progenitors of aerocytes which do the actual gas exchange

Question 29

If the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood, how does the lung get oxygenated blood

Answer 29

Bronchial artery

Question 30

Area of gas exchange in avians

Answer 30

Parabronchi, sacs act as balloons

Question 31

What factor is needed to transform the ventral foregut into respiratory structures

Answer 31

Nkx2.1 is needed to create the lung and trachea

Question 32

Separation of trachea and esophagus gene

Answer 32

Sox2

Question 33

Atresia

Answer 33

When a lobe is not fully formed

Question 34

Fistula

Answer 34

Inappropriate connections between esophagus and trachea

Question 35

Branching morphogenesis 5 stages: EPCSA

Answer 35

Embryonic: appearance of right and left lung buds Pseudoglandular: airway tree made Canalicular: 3 last rounds of branching to make alveoli Saccular: differentiation Alveolar; secondary Separation to increase alveoli

Question 36

Wnt origin and role

Answer 36

Splanchnic mesoderm makes wnt and wnt is needed to induce nkx2.1

Question 37

BMP4 role

Answer 37

Represses sox2 to allow induction of nkx2.1

Question 38

Is fgf10 needed for branching

Answer 38

Yes but it is not the source.

Question 39

Sox2 versus sox9

Answer 39

Sox2 gives rise to respiratory cells Sox9 give rise to alveolar cells

Question 40

Amniotic fluid and cell differentiation

Answer 40

Fetal breathing movements brings amniotic fluid into the developing lungs. AT2 cells are pushed back and AT1 cells go to the lining of the epithelium

Question 41

Expression of VEGFA

Answer 41

for differentiation of aerocytes from general capillaries

Question 42

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Answer 42

Preterm birth and the lungs are underdeveloped Ventilation is needed for survival but damages lungs because hyperoxia leads to loss of AT1 cells

Question 43

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 43

Mutation in pulmonary surfactant protein c Leading to stiff lungs

Question 44

Alveolar type 2 cells promotes?

Answer 44

Alveolar type 2 cells make surfactant protein a which is needed to signal birth