Vax and Diagnostics Smallies and Equine Flashcards by laura knight

Outline an ideal vaccine

provides protection against all strains of pathogen
prevents infection and shedding
provides rapid and long lived immunity after single dose
induces immunological memory so minimal boosters required

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2 possible vaccine composition

> passive (ab)
- colostrum 
- anti-serum 
> active (ag +- adjuvant) 
- modified live 
- killed
- toxoid
- subunit 
- recombinant

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Which immunoglobulins are best at stimulateing cell mediated and mucosal protection?

IGA muosal

- IgG cell mediated

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Up to what age may MDA interfere with vax?

12-14w

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After 14w of age, how many doses do modified live vax require? Inactivated/subunit?

mod live 1 dose
subunit min 2 doses 2-3w apart
> boosters q6mo-3y depdning on manufacturer guidelines

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Youngest possible age to vax

6w, never younger than this

6-12w grey area (hemce multiple doses required)

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What 3 sources of information on vaccinations will you receive?

WSAVA guidelines
VMD datasheets
vaccine manufacturers assocaiton
> different recommednations!

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WSAVA guidelines on vax dogs?

> core 
- CDV (distemper) 
- CPV (parvo) 
- CAV (infectious hepatitis) 
\+- rabies endemic areas
> non-core
- Letospirosis
- KC (Pi, BB, coronavirus) 
> 1* course 3 injections @ 8, 12 and 16 weeks 
- post vax serology 
- booster @ 1y then no more frequently than 3y (Lepto, Pi, BB need yearly) 
- serology to see if booster required

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WSAVA guidelines on vax cats?

> Core 
- Calicivirus (catflu)
- Herpesvirus (catflu)
- Panleukopenia (enteritis)
\+- rabies endemic
> Non-Core 
- FeLV
- Chlamydia
- BB 
> 1* course 3 injects @ 8, 12 and 14w
- post vax serology
- booster @ 1yo then no more freq than 3y

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What 2 dose regimes are commonly used and why?

allows earlier socialising
1st @ 6-8w
2nd @ 9-10w
( should have 3rd @ 16w to ensure full imunity but this may not be on the data sheet)

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If booster lapses do you need to restart 1* course?

NO! memory cells still present just need stimulating (Ab may have waned)

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Are vax 100% effective if given by the data sheet?

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How effective are FIV and FIP vax?

> FIV
- Fel-O-vax 
- 2 strains covered
- 70% effective
> FIP 
- actually enteric coronavirus (not FIP) 
- IgA intransala vax
- kittens often exposed before vax so not very effective

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How can ‘vaccines’ be used therputically?

DNA vax (human tyrosinase) for tx canine malignant melanoma
desensitising immunotherapy

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Which website should be checked for current legislation on rabies vax?

www.gov.uk/take-pet-abroad

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Is the Leishmania vaccine effective?

> CaniLiesh

3 doses 3w apart
boosted annually
not v efficacious but will v clinical dz

How effective are the core cat vaccines?

Cat flu vax not very effective - don’t prevent infection just minimise clinical signs and shedding so likely to become a latent carrier
- may experience flare-ups when old/weak/immunocompromised
> panleukopenia good vax, effective

Potential adverse effects of vaccination?

RARE
often mild (transient pyrexia and lethargy)
allergic reactions IgE mediated occasionally occour (eg. facial pruritis and oedema)
link between adjuvate vax (FeLV and rabies) and feline ISS
> Non-adjuvanted vax (eg. canarypox vector) available to avoid this

What are rabbits vaccinated against?

myxomatosis
viral haemorrhagic disease
> can get them in a combined vial now

What can horses be vaccinated against?

> passive 
- hyperimmune equine plasma for FPT foals 
- tetanus antitoxin (wounds) 
- rotavirus vax for pregnanct mare to roduce MDA for foal 
> active 
- equine influenza
- tetanus toxoid
~ equine herpes virus  (EHV1, EHV 4) 
~ MNV, EVA, strangles

Current BHS/jockey club and FEI rules on equine vax?

> 1st dose - flu and tet
2nd dose - flu and tet 21-92d later [BHS/jockey club horses can compete 7d after this 2nd dose]
3rd dose - flu 150-215d later
Booster
- BHS/jockey: within 365d previous injection
- FEI: within 365d previous injection and within 6months +21d of FEI competition
Last vax must be administered min 7d before competing

Reasons for vaccine failure

strinas/serotypes not protective against the infective cause (Feline calicivirus, leptospira serovars, influenza)
vax not stored properly or expired
not administered properly
animal too old/young (6-9w protocol this may be a problem)
interference MDA
prior exposure to pathofen (eg. FeLV, herpes)
genetic problem eg. MHC genes in Rottweilers pdf vax failure

When is serology testing for response to vax seen in companion animals?

> rarely!
- DHP for dogs, CHP for cats poss
- rabies serology under PETS scheme used to be compulsory, not any more (test 3-4w post vax)
some brands better vax than others (Rabisin (merial) > Nobivac (MSD))

Is there a vax for strangles?

Yes

equilis Strep E
withdrawn but relaunched
stimulates cell mediated immunity by injecting into lip

What are the phases of antibody production and how may this affect serology testing?

> lag - may be ab - even if infected (does not mean pathogen negative!) - need 2 negative samples consequtively to decide it is negative (acute and convalescent sera 2-3w apart to show rising titres) > log > plateaux > decline ~ antibody isotype analysis also helpful - IgM first Ab produced, normally wanes in favour of IgG - if IgM>IgG then infection is acute

Which tests are commonly performed in house or by labs for serology?

- ELISA - RIM (rapid immune-migration assay) - IFAT (indirect immunofluorescent ab test) - VN (virus neutralising) assay - HA (haemaglutinin inhibition) assay

DOGS Which pathogens are serological tests available for in the dog?

- distemper - parvovirus - adenovirus - herpesvirus - coronavirus - parainfluenza

DOGS What pathogens should you conisder in dogs with neurological disease, myositis or PUO?

- toxoplasma gondii (IgM and IgG) - neospora caninum > serology

DOGS What pathogens should you consider in dogs with acute kidney disease?

- leptospira MAT serology (microscopic agglutination test)

DOGS Which pathogens can be serologied if fungal rhinitis is suspected?

- aspergillus - cryptococcus (as hard to culture serology prefered)

DOGS What skin parasite can be detected serologically?

scabies

CATS which serological tests are available for cats?

- FIV (Ab SNAP test) - FeLV (Ag SNAP test) - Toxoplasma/Neospora - "Cat flu" feline calicivirus, herpesvirus and chlamydophila - FIP *CARE*

Why should care be taken when interpretting FIP serology?

- demonstrates exposure to enteric coronavirus NOT NECESSARILY the mutated version pregression to FIP - Dx should be based on clinical signs and lab findings - coronavirus titre > 640 would be consistent with the dz if clinical signs also present

Where are many serological tests for horses available?

- AHT

Specific serology test available for horses?

- EHV1 and 4 (abortion, resp and neuro dz) - EHV 3 (coital exanthema) - resp dz (influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus)

When may serological tests be specifically required for equines?

- import/export/breeding and sales - see DEFRA website for more details on import/export > Breeding -EVA and EIA most commonly > import - Vesicular stomatitis, Dourine, Glanders