Venice

Question 1

The condition of Venice c.1400?

Answer 1

-Maritime power
-Patrician Republic
-Sited/dominating the north east of Italy.
-Dominant from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea.
-Currency: Ducat
-Symbolic leader: The Doge.

Question 2

Venice’s Inland territory?

Answer 2

Brescia
Cremona
Padua
Verona
Vincenza

Question 3

Brescia?

Answer 3

-from Visconti (of Milan) to Venice in 1426.
-Sacked by the French - Italian Wars of 1512.
-Iron deposits - hand held guns manufacturing.

Question 4

Padua?

Answer 4

-Carrara Family - 14th century.
-The Milan
-from 1405 - Venice
-2 patrician’s from Venice each elected for 16 months.
-Pilgrimage centre - (St Anthony of Padua).
-Site of one of the oldest universities - 1238.
-Galieo, Vasalius studied there.
-Mantenga, Giotto, Donatello (equestrian statue of Gattamelata), Titian.

Question 5

Verona?

Answer 5

One of the most important cultural centres:
-Educators: Guarino da Verona
-Art: Veronese ‘The feat in the house of Levi’
-Strategic position between Imperial Austria and Spanish Milan.

Question 6

Vicenza?

Answer 6

-Della Scala Family of Verona.
-The Visconti.
-The Venice from 1405.
-Birth Place of Palladio.

Question 7

Maritime Empire

Answer 7

-Fortifications along Dalmatia, South Italy, Greece, Crete and Cyprus.

Question 8

Crete?

Answer 8

-Kept until 1645
-Bought in the early 1200s.
-Influence of the Greek scholars followed the fall of Constantinople leading to the Crete Renaissance of the 1500s.
-Important to conduct Greek culture into the West.

Question 9

Cyprus?

Answer 9

-lost to the Ottomans - 1573.
-Under Venice since 1489.

Question 10

The fate of Venice’s Maritime Empire in the 16th century?

Answer 10

-Many Maritime possessions lost in 16th century.
-Venice gained Terraferma - as spoils of War against the Visconti of Milan.

Question 11

Venice and Ottoman rivalry?

Answer 11

-Ottoman’s expanded in the Balkans and the Agenean islands (preciously controlled by Venice).
-1537-40 - Venice joined the Holy League with the New Pope Pual III and Emperor Charles V against Barbarossa and the Ottomans.
-1570-73 Turkish War - Venice Alliance (Pope and HRE) won the Battle of Lepanto but lost Cyprus.

Question 12

What was the purpose of League of Cambrai?

Answer 12

-Overt purpose to combat the Ottoman threat.
-Also - to retake territorial gains of Venice in it’s Terraferma acquired in the 15th century.

Question 13

Who was involved in the League of Cambrai?

Answer 13

-Louis XII - France
-HRE Maximilian I
-Pope Julius II
-King Henry VIII England
-Ferdinand of Spain
-Duke Alfonso d’Este of Ferrara
-and more…

Question 14

Out come of League of Cambria - for Venice?

Answer 14

-Defeated at the Battle of Agnadello (14 May 1509).
-Pope - took back central Italy
-HRE - North East Italy
-Louis XII - North West of Italy
-Ferdinand - Venetian ports in the Kingdom of Naples.

However:
-once Venice was defeated - members of the League turned against each other.
-Venice regained its lost territories (except Cremona) - 1517.

Question 15

Venice Arsenale

Answer 15

-32 hectares
-naval docks
-ship construction
-largest industrial area in Europe
-4000 men employed the Arsenalotti (also the DOGE’s guards and fire fighters).

Question 16

Venice arsenal extensions

Answer 16

1104 - founded
1473 - Arsenale nuovissimo
1539 - Reparto delle Galeazze
1564 - Canale delle Galeazze e Vasca

Question 17

What was the myth of Venice

Answer 17

-widespread belief among European intellectuals of the 14th and 15th centuries that Venice republicanism lived up to Aristotelian ideal due to the stability of Venetian institutions.
-Venetian institutions remained unaltered - while others changed everywhere else in Europe.

Question 18

Aristotelian ideal in Venice

Answer 18

Virtuous leader - the Doge (elected).

Beneficent ruling class - the Senate.

Citizen Representation - the greater council.

Question 19

The great council - formulation

Answer 19

-all adult members from 200 patrician families - perpetuity.
-result of the ‘SERRATA’ (closure) - 1297 - after failed coup.
-1327 - 200 families recorded in the Golden Book.
-Members of the 200 families also part of the senate, the college and the council of ten.

Question 20

The Council of Ten

Answer 20

-1310 for State Security - spying, reports, inquisitors, occasional assassinations, secret investigations.

Question 21

The Peace of LODI 1454

Answer 21

It confirmed Venetian possession on the Terraferma
-In land of Italy, to have toll free connection with the rest of continental Europe.
-Signed by the Italian city states ad powers, started a period of peace, broken by the French invasion of 1494.

Question 22

What makes Venice wealthy

Answer 22

-Salt – early Venetian commercial goods.

-Silk – originally imported from China – through silk road in Europe (Sicily) – Then in Florence, Genoa, Milan and Venice.

-Glass Venetian glass makes discovered adding manganese to the compound would clarify the glass – Enameling the glass was also discovered by Venice – changing the technique of stained glass windows.

-Printing – Moveable type introduced by Gutenberg of Mainz. Printing presses: Strassburg 1460, Rome 1464, Venice 1469.
-Most important printing center in Italy.
-Aldus Manutius - founded the Aldine Press - publishing and disseminating rare texts.

-Venice more focused on practicalities than cultural grounds – Patricians prioritized their sons learning a foreign language over Greek and Latin.

Question 23

Venetian Society- stability

Answer 23

-Venetian society - formed without a landed elite until the 15th century - acquisition of Terraferma.
-Venice did not undergo the Guelf-Ghibelline factions that occurred in other Italian city states.
-No venetian equivilent of the wool workers protests in Florence 1378 - Arsenalotti and workers in Murano - were treated well.
-aided by narrower political participations following th serrata (200 families in the golden book).

Question 24

The Golden Book

Answer 24

-1315
-list of noble families ruling Venice.

Question 25

The Great Council

Answer 25

-From 1297 1000+ people could join the Great Council which appointed the officials.

Question 26

The Quarantia

Answer 26

-The Great Council chose 40 members in the Quarantia who supervised the economy.

Question 27

The Senate and Commanders and Diplomats

Answer 27

-Senate - 200-300 of Great Council in the senate - the main legislative body + commanders and diplomats.

Question 28

The Doge

Answer 28

-Head of the Government -appointed for life -power had diminished - by 1400 he was a figure head - yet still influential.

Question 29

The Signoria

Answer 29

-day to day government -The Doge -Minor Council (6 Ducal advisors) -Quarantial Leaders - 3 delegates -Special advisers: Savi del consiglio (wise men council 6) Savi della Terraferma - wise men from in land (5) -Savi degli Ordini - wise men - maritime experts.

Question 30

Artistic development in Venice: Petrarch in Venice

Answer 30

-lived their from 1362 to 1367 -left part of his library.

Question 31

Artistic development in Venice: Influence of culture of governing of Venice?

Answer 31

-Venice's selection of governors - not based on cultural ground - as the Chancellor of Florence was. -venetian patricians values practical education for their sons over studying the letters. -Foreign language deemed more useful that Ciceronian Latin.

Question 32

Artistic development in Venice: Aldus Manutius

Answer 32

1450-1515 -Greek club - founded by Aldus Manutius -Only allowed to speak Greek - fined if you didn't -Fine used to fund banquets in imitation of Platonic symposia - 40 members. -visitor members included Erasmus. -Invented type Necademia - for printing. -Founded the Aldine Press. -publishing and disseminating rare texts. -interest in and preservation of Greek manuscripts mark him as an innovative publisher of his age.

Question 33

Artistic development in Venice: Giogione

Answer 33

-1478-1510 -Pupil of Giovanni Bellini - prolific and influential. The Tempest - 1508: -the landscape, with its ruins in the background, evokes a sense of the classical past - reflects Renaissance fascination with antiquity. -Naturalistic techniques - Renaissance interest in natural world. Sleeping Venus -Classical influence of Roman Goddess of love and beauty - Renaissance inspiration from classical mythology. -revival of interest in idealized beauty - classical art and humanist philosophy. figure Venus - exemplifies this - with graceful pose, smooth skin, and serene expression. -Renaissance - renewed interest in depiction of the nude figure, often imbued with erotic undertones - human body and its capacity to evoke desire - inspired by classical statues/art.

Question 34

Artistic development in Venice: Titian

Answer 34

1489-1576 -Pupil of Giovannia Bellini -Painter of HRE Charles V. -And King Phillip. Innovation and technique: -Master of "alla prima," - paint application wet on wet - spontaneous and expressive manner. -seen in "Bacchus and Ariadne," 1520-23. Portraiture: -captured personality and inner depth. -pioneered more naturalistic and psychological approach to portraits. -Move away from idealized portraits of the Renaissance - to wards more individual personal figures. -E.g. Portrait of a Young Man. Mythological: -Combines mythology with psychological complexity of his portraiture. "Bacchus and Ariadne" (1520-1523): -depicts mythological story of Bacchus, the god of wine, encountering Ariadne, the abandoned princess of Crete, on the island of Naxos. -Venus of Urbino 1538 - incorporates nudity of the classical era that was revived in the Renaissance.

Question 35

Artistic development in Venice: Tintorreto

Answer 35

1519-1594 Dramatic use of light and dark: -The Last Supper" (1592-1594) -showcases his mastery of dramatic lighting, with strong contrasts between light and shadow creating a sense of theatricality. Brush work: -"The Miracle of St. Mark Freeing the Slave" (1548-1553). -Tintoretto's vigorous brushstrokes convey a sense of urgency and dynamism. Naturalism and movement: -The Finding of the Body of St. Mark" (1562-1566) -showcases Tintoretto's ability to depict figures in dynamic poses, conveying a sense of action and emotion. -use of dramatic lighting, expressive brushwork, and dynamic compositions -influenced Baroque painters - Peter Paul Rubens and Diego Velázquez.

Question 36

Artistic development in Venice: Veronese

Answer 36

1528-1588 -Son of Sculptor - worked with Tintoretto. -Painted the Last Supper - had to change name to The House of Levi (1573), to to the celebratory atmosphere and the presence of soldiers and dogs - was questioned by the Inquisition.

Question 37

Cultural development in Venice: Palladio

Answer 37

-Patronage of Trissino (who was a dramatist, poet, linguist and theorist) -introduced to maths, music and literature. -Wrote 'The four books of architecture' - very influential - very influenced by Roman and Greek architecture - especially Vitruvius. -Palladio applied classical architectural principles to military structures. -'Olympic theatre' - Vincenza Italy - opened 1585.

Question 38

Cultural development in Venice: Monteverdi

Answer 38

-Composer. -Patronage of the Duke of Mantua. -Several books of madrigals and sacred music. -E.g. Book 1, 1587: Madrigali a cinque voci.

Question 39

Cultural development in Venice: Aretino

Answer 39

1492 - 1556 Son of a Cobbler. -Came to Venice from Arezzo. -Patronage of Chigi, Giovanni de Medici, Leo X -'Ragionamenti', comedy, lewd sonnets, also devotional work. -Comedies such as La cortigiana and La talenta,

Question 40

Cultural development in Venice: Bembo

Answer 40

-1470-1547 -Poet, courtier. -The ideal courtier according to Castiglione (author of the Courtier). -Patronage of Leo X, Paul III made him cardinal. -wrote one of the earliest Italian grammars and assisted in establishing the Italian literary language. -Author of History of Venice - 1529.

Question 41

Cultural development in Venice: Cardinal Bessarion

Answer 41

1403-72 -Cardinal from 1439 -Church man, humanist, book collector. -Greek born -at the Council of Ferrara and Florence (1437-39) to promote union between Eastern and Western Christianity. -Patron of immigrant greek humanists. -Bequeathed his collection of greek manuscripts to the Republic of Venice - 1468. -Nucleus of the Library of St. Mark - the Marcinia.

Question 42

Manuel Chrysoloras

Answer 42

1350-1415 -Twice in Venice - 1390s and 1406-10. -founder of Greek Shcolarship in Italy - when from 1397 and 1400 he taught Greek in Florence to an audience including: -Bruni -Vergerio -With Salutati - contributed to 15th century Florentine humanism. Diplomat - travelled all over Europe - at service of Emperor of Constantinople. Promoted the Council of Constance Converted to Catholicism Books: Greek grammar (translated to latin) - used by Erasmus and Reuchlin.

Question 43

Ottoman leaders - 15th and 16th century?

Answer 43

-Mehmed 'The Conquerer' 1451-81 (leader). -Expanded the Ottoman empire to the Balkans (South East of Europe) -Suleiman ' the magnificent' -1520-1566 -When the empire reached the greatest extent.

Question 44

Siege of Vienna

Answer 44

1529 -expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor. -resulted in their defeat. -The lifting of the siege marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in eastern Europe.

Question 45

Time Line - the fall of Constantinople

Answer 45

-1444 - Sultan Murat II - defeat Europeans crusaders at Varna. - King of Poland and Hungary - killed during battle (Led to crisis of the most powerful state in Europe). -Hunyadi of Transilvania and Skanderberg of Albania - left to hold back the Ottoman advance towards Central Europe. -They were defeated by Ottomans - 1448 Battle of Kosovo -Mehmed II - takes over from Murat II - 1451. -signed treaties with Venice, Genoa and Hungary. -Main aim: to take Constantinople - ruled by last Roman Emperor Constantine XI. -1453 - Fall of Constantinople. -resistance fell - outnumbered by Ottoman forces: -100,000 people vs 10,000 soldiers, 69 vs 15 cannons, 136 vs 26 ships.

Question 46

Consequences of the fall of Constantinople?

Answer 46

-New phase of Renaissance -Greek scholars moved west -Trade routes sought westward -Westward movement of the Ottomans. -trade became more expensive for Venice (duties) - loss of outposts and trading routes - impacted Venetian economy. -longterm - opened new trade routes westward (Spain and Portugal - exploration) - greatly impacted Venetian economy.

Question 47

Who were the Ottomans?

Answer 47

-One of several muslim emirates on the border of the Byzantine Empire.

Question 48

Where were the Ottomans based?

Answer 48

In today's north Turkey; south of Constantinople.

Question 49

When did the Ottomans expand their territory?

Answer 49

-late 13th century - at the expense of the Byzantine possession in today's turkey (Anatolia).

Question 50

Who were the main enemies of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean?

Answer 50

In the Mediterranean: -Venice (and allies) -Spain

Question 51

Ottoman Expansion after Constantinople By 1481

Answer 51

-Defeats Bosnia - consolidates Ottoman rule in the Balkans - where only few Venetian possessions are left along the Adriatic Coast.

Question 52

Ottomans vs Venetians: Battle of Lepanto

Answer 52

Battle of Lepanto (1571) -naval battle - between Venetians (and allies Holy League) and Ottomans. -Gulf of Patras. -Decisive victory of Holy league. -Response to Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean - marked significant set back for Ottoman Naval Power.

Question 53

Ottomans vs Venetians: War of Cyprus

Answer 53

War of Cyprus (1570-1573) -Between Venetian Republic and Ottoman Empire - over control of Cyprus. -Conflict began - Ottoman invasion of Cyprus 1570 - defense of territory. -Venetians defeated - loss of Cyprus (significant trading port).

Question 54

Ottomans vs Venetians: Treaty of Constantinople

Answer 54

Treaty of Constantinople (1479) -Peace of Constantinople -Signed Venice and Ottomans due to Ottomans reaching the outskirts of Venice. -Venetians were allowed to keep some territories: Antivan, and Durrës. -ceded Shkodra, many territories on the Dalmatian coastline, and relinquished control - Greek islands e.g. Lemnos. -forced to pay 100,000 ducat indemnity. -Agreed to a tribute of around 10,000 ducats trading privileges in the Black Sea.

Question 55

Venice at war?

Answer 55

Domination of the Adriatic and East Mediterranean (14th and 15th centuries). Led Venice to valuable conquests of Terraferma in the north of Italy - expense of Milan - Main adversary - the north of the Italian Peninsula. Loss of Venetian outposts along the Dalmatian coast - and their possession's on the Eastern Mediterranean in the 16th century.

Question 56

Venice Warfare - 13th century? note to self - I don't think I need to know this

Answer 56

-IV Crusade - supplies and transport dealt to the Crusaders - who to in return agreed to take Dalmatian port of Zara (1202). -IV Crusade - culminated with sack of Constantinople - 1203-4. Reinforced Venetian domination near the East - however lead to further decline of the Byzantine Empire.

Question 57

Venetian warfare - 14th century?

Answer 57

-Between 1377-81 alliance of genoa, Hapsburg duke of Austria, the King of Hungary - attacked Venice - by land and sea. Venice - used galleys - with gun powder, artillery on a ship for the first time. Despite concessions, Venice prevailed and defeated its main naval antagonists in the Mediterranean.

Question 58

Venice warfare - 15th century? -Abroad -Terraferma -Effect

Answer 58

-Expanded control of Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus in 1489) and Aegean Sea - also along the Italian and Dalmatian coast. Terraferma conquests: -Expense of Hapsburg and Milan. -Verona, Padua, Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona. Effect: -Added to prestige of Venice - also the security of its trade form East to West. -City states of the Terraferma were valuable and reduced the cost of trading with the rest of Europe. -eliminated the duties to be paid when crossing borders controlled by different cities.

Question 59

Venice warfare under the Doge - 15th century

Answer 59

Doge: Francesco Foscari -Venice Drawn into a long, expensive and mostly inconclusive war against Milan - went on for the entire duration of Foscari's rule (1423-57) Venice's army supported by Condottieri: -Carmagnola 1425-32 - executed for betrayal. -Gattamelata 1434-41 -Colleoni - 1453-75 among others.

Question 60

Venetian warfare - 16th century?

Answer 60

Ottoman Sultan Suleiman 'the magnificent' - Empire of the Turks reached maximum extent. Extended to the Balkans, at expense of Hungary and Venice - lost it's outposts along the Dalmatian coast. Only naval defeat that stopped Ottoman expansion - Lepanto against Holy League - held back the Ottoman's - yet Cyprus fell 1570.

Question 61

Venice warfare under the doge - 16th century?

Answer 61

Doge Andrea Gritti 1523-38 concluded a treaty with the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/I in 1523 - ending Venetia involvement in the Hapsburg Valois (Italian Wars) conflict.

Question 62

Why was Venice a printing centre? Venice's dominance in trade

Answer 62

-main naval force in the Mediterranean Sea. -Centre of thick commercial relations with the greatest European and non-Europeans powers. -Merchants + artisans brought over technological innovations and capital. -plenty of raw materials. -favorable trading conditions - meant it was positioned to meet high demands for printed matter in Europe.

Question 63

Why was Venice a printing centre? Venetian artisan and commercial world was extremely dynamic and open to novelties.

Answer 63

-One of the richest cities at the time. -cosmopolitan city - so powerful that Rome and Catholic Church failed to subjugate and censor it. -Printers came due to freedom of press - Venice was a Republic.

Question 64

Significance of Aldus Manutius to Venetian printing?

Answer 64

-Moved to Venice 1490. -Attracted to cities relative liberty. -He opened a publishing house, the Aldine Press, and in 1495. -1st book - Erotemata by Constantine Lascaris. -Manutius embarked on “an ambitious publishing-educational programme to disseminate and protect the classic Greek and Latin culture,”. -Pioneered the 'formato in ottavo' - small, portable books, cheaper to buy - accessible to general public - widened sphere of readers. -New print 'aldino' (italics) - took less space on the page than heavy Gothic characters.

Question 65

Venice's success as a printing centre

Answer 65

-Manutius not alone - other publishing families include the: -Sessa -Giunta -Scoto -Giolito -15th and 16th century - main city in publishing. -48.6%-54% of total Italian book production. -250 publishers operated in city during 16th century. -25,000 editions of books printed in Venice. -Success of publishing industry meant writers could live off their craft - attracted many scholars to Venice.

Question 66

Impact of Venice on university education?

Answer 66

-Padua - in northern Italy - among the best universities of the time - and was under the Venetian Republic.

Question 67

Impact of Venice on education: Vergerio

Answer 67

Pietro Paolo Vergerio -treaties on education were influential during the Renaissance. -identified following subjects as part of the study programme: Grammar, History, Moral Philosophy and Poetry. -Promoted philosophy of education - aim was life long love for learning.

Question 68

Impact of Venice on education: da Feltre

Answer 68

-Vittorino da Feltre. -opened school 'Casa Giocosa' - Happy House. -taught children of elite and poor who showed talent - paid there fee's himself. -Different teaching approach/style: -intellectual and physical development. -different from the Medieval class setting -corporal punishment was employed liberally. -Formulated the idea of the Renaissance man ‘health of body, strength of mind and strong character’. -Pupils: Federico da Montefeltro, Poggio Bracciolini (humanist book hunter)

Question 69

Impact of the Council of Trent on Venice?

Answer 69

1545-1563 -Venetian delegates were engaged in the discussions of the council. -reflects cities commitment to addressing religious challenges. -Implementation of Decrees: -implemented councils decrees within its territories. -involved: doctrinal matters, church discipline, and liturgical practices. -reforms regarding education/training of clergy. -Council contributed to reaffirming Catholic doctrine in Venice.

Question 70

Impact of the Venetian Inquisition?

Answer 70

-established late 16th century. -combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy. -Primarily concerned with rooting out Protestantism. -Presence reflects the Church's efforts to maintain control and authority in Venice.

Question 71

Impact of Church Patronage in Venice?

Answer 71

-Major Patron of the Arts - works for churches and religious institutions. -Titian, Tintorreto and Veronese - masterpieces for the Church in venice. -Titian: 'Assumption of the Virgin' - altar of the Frari in Venice - 1518. -Tintorreto - 'Last Supper' - San Giorgio Maggiore monastery in Venice - 1594. -Venetian Churches - E.g. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore - Andrea Palladio.

Question 72

Challenges to the Church in Venice?

Answer 72

-Civic commercial prosperity and cosmopolitan culture - contributed to spread of ideas - E.g. humanism and religious skepticism. -Republic of Venice unique political structure - limited papal authority over territories - greater independence from ecclesiatical control. -Reform movements addressed the abuses and shortcomings of the Church - in Venice this reform was encouraged within the Catholic Church - not against it: The Theatine Reform - advocated reform within CC. -established communities dedicated to spiritual renewal. -Emphasised clerical discipline. -addressed moral laxity and corruption among clergy.