Venipuncture and Injection

Question 1

how to know which route to use for injection

Answer 1

• listed on bottle on product package insert
• if not listed vet preference
• in general cloudy liquid should not be given IV

Question 2

when to use intradermal

Answer 2

• allergy and disease testing
• large animal TB testing done on under side of tail
• Monkey TB testing done on upper eyelids
• small animals allergy testing done on abdomen
• used with local anesthetics
• in cats intrascapular SQ admin should be avoided because of vaccine induced tumors

Question 3

where should SQ be given

Answer 3

• dorsolateral region preferred in cases of abscess formation
• small animals is between shoulder blades
• large animals in side of neck

Question 4

when and why to use subQ

Answer 4

• easy to administer
• less painful than IM
• lower risk of hitting a vessel
• large amounts due to elasticity of the skin
• absorbed relatively rapidly unless animal is obeese
• owners can be taught at home for renal failure

Question 5

where can IM be given

Answer 5

• hamstring muscle (SMST)
• tricepts brachii (large muscled breed)
• quadriceps
• lumbar muscle (not great for thin animals)

Question 6

what are the advantages of IM

Answer 6

• absorbed more quickly when administered IM than SQ

Question 7

disadvantages of IM

Answer 7

• more difficult than SQ
• more risk of accidently hitting a vessel
• can only administer small amount -2ml in SMST

Question 8

wehn might IP be used

Answer 8

• administering anesthetics or euthanasia drugs in lab animals
• may be used in case of shock if peripheral veins inacessible

Question 9

risk involved in IP

Answer 9

• blind technique - may hit an internal organ
• more painful than other techniques

Question 10

what are jugulars in canine commonly used for

Answer 10

• blood samples (best)
• indwelling cath
• injections

Question 11

what is cephalic used for in dogs

Answer 11

• injections (best), indwelling catheters, blood samples

Question 12

what is saphenous used for in dogs

Answer 12

blood collection, injections, catheterization (more challenging due to curvature of the vein)

Question 13

what is lingual used for in dogs

Answer 13

• not common
• hematomas common
• animal generally anesthetized

Question 14

what is jugular used for in feline

Answer 14

• blood samples, best for larger vol

Question 15

what is cephalic used for cats

Answer 15

• blood samples, injections, indwelling cath

Question 16

what is medial saphenous/femoral used for

Answer 16

• blood samples
• injections
• cath

Question 17

what are other blood samples in feline that can be used

Answer 17

• clip nails: small samples best for birds and reptiles
• lingual same as dogs

Question 18

what is jugular used for in bovine

Answer 18

• injections, and blood samples

Question 19

wha is coccygeal used for in blood samples

Answer 19

• common for blood samples and small injections

Question 20

what is milk vein used for in bovine

Answer 20

• injections with caution hematomas common

Question 21

what is jugular used for in equine

Answer 21

• indwelling catheters
• injections
• blood samples

Question 22

what is subclavian/cephalic used for in equine

Answer 22

• blood samples (small)
• injections
• catheters (difficult to maintain)

Question 23

what is transverse facial used for in equine

Answer 23

-blood samples

Question 24

what are routes of IV in pigs

Answer 24

• anterior vena cava/intracardiac - blood samples only when pig deceased
• ear vein (blood collection, small injections)
• tail vein (blood collection)
• milk vein (blood collection)

Question 25

when should u use IV

Answer 25

- irritating drug - emmergency drugs

Question 26

disadvantage of IV

Answer 26

- more difficult and harder to perform unassisted - if allergic reaction occurs the process is very quick and difficult to reverse

Question 27

when to use IC

Answer 27

- during small animal emergencies or euthanasia

Question 28

advantace of IC

Answer 28

- very fast, very potent - can be used in small patients where IV not possible - administer emergency meds

Question 29

disadvantage of IC

Answer 29

- painful to animal so should be unconscious or anesthetized - dangerous if recovery desired

Question 30

what does aseptic mean

Answer 30

- free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms

Question 31

what is aseptic technique

Answer 31

- means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens - helps reduce risk of post procedure infection in patients by decreasing the likelihood that microorganisms will enter body during clinical procedures

Question 32

aseptic techniques do some r all of the following

Answer 32

- remove or kill microorganisms from hands and objects - use of sterile equipment and instruments - prevent contamination of equipment

Question 33

when should we be conscientious with aseptic technique

Answer 33

- unpackaging needle and syringe - assembling needle and syringe - preparing medication bottle for injection - drawing up a medication into syringe - recapping needle after drawing up meds - preparing region of body for injection - when attempting to administer injection

Question 34

veins can be used for

Answer 34

- blood collection - indwelling cath - injections

Question 35

arteries can be used for

Answer 35

- pulse - blood gas sampling - catherterization fro blood pressure monitoring

Question 36

what size needle for venipuncture

Answer 36

- no smaller than a 22 guage to prevent hemlysis - appropriate syringe based on vol needed

Question 37

what to lable vacutainer

Answer 37

- animal name and number - species -breed - sex - age - date - time of collection - group initials

Question 38

what is serum

Answer 38

- no additives may contain a silicone plug to help separation - red or tiger top - serum= plasma-fibrinogen - can keep 48h refrigerated or year frozen - DO NOT MIX

Question 39

plasma

Answer 39

- anticoagulant in vaculatiner to prevent clotting - lavender or green top -plasma contains fibrinogen - makes smear immediatly for CBC - plasma can be kept for 48h never freeze - invert tube at least 8 times

Question 40

common errors in collection

Answer 40

- hemolysis (needle too small, expel blood too forcefully, too much vacuums) - clot formation in anticoagulant vacutainer (failure to mix in timely fashion, too long to collect from vessel) - animal too excited (increase in WBC and RBC) - vacutainer not filled to proper vol (leads to incorrect PVC, diluted by anticoagulant) - dirty venipuncture (probing tissue contaminants, needs clogs, patient dirty) - start too high on limb (no where to go if hematomas form on first attempt) - no pressure on site after withdrawing the needle

Question 41

what drugs should be administered IV because they are irritating to the tissue

Answer 41

- barbiturates - carparsolate - dextrose solutions - some anticancer drugs

Question 42

problems with IV injections

Answer 42

- perivascular injection - irritating to skin: kills cells and causes inflamtion, pain, swelling and causes dead tissue to slough - to prevent use indweeling catheter - dont inject unless sure you are in the vein - stop injecting immediatley - infuse area with saline solution 3mls saline with 1 ml lidocaine 2% HCL

Question 43

what does slough mean

Answer 43

- necrotic dead tissue which separates from health tissue and falls off

Question 44

other problems with venipuncture

Answer 44

- anaphylaxis - hematoma thrombophlebitis (infection and blockage of the vessel, change cath every 3 days) - perivascular injections (check cath freq can kink under tape and vet wrap - incorrect dose - air embolism (air in syringe, gas bubbles entered into the vascular system and can be life threatening )