Ventilation and Acidosis/ Alkalosis

Question 1

Acid - Base balance equation

Answer 1

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

Question 2

How does the equation shift give examples

Answer 2

CO2 increases shifts right and HCO3/H+ increase then shifts left

Question 3

What is the respiratory component of acid/base equation

Answer 3

CO2 controlled by alveolar ventilation

Question 4

what is the metabolic component of the acid/base equation

Answer 4

H+/ HCO3 controlled by renal excretion

Question 5

Define Pulmonary Acid/base balance

Answer 5

CO2 regulated by tidal volume/ respiration rate

Question 6

How long does Pulmonary acid/base balance take

Answer 6

minutes to hours

Question 7

how effective is pulmonary acid/base balance

Answer 7

50-75% and does not completely normalize ph

Question 8

Describe decrease in PH relative to pulmonary acid/base balance

Answer 8

Increase in tidal or respiratory rate and CO2 is exhaled and blood pH decreases

Question 9

Describe Renal acid/base balance

Answer 9

Kidneys control pH by adjusting the amount of HCO3- by excreted or reabsorbed
reabsorption HCO3- = to excretion of free H+

Question 10

How long does renal acid/base balance take

Answer 10

hours to days

Question 11

When is Acidaemia

Answer 11

Serum pH <7.35

Question 12

When is Alkalaemia

Answer 12

Serum pH >7.45

Question 13

What is acidosis

Answer 13

acid accumulation or alkali loss

Question 14

what is alkalosis

Answer 14

alkali accumulation or acid loss

Question 15

What is respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 15

Changes in PCO2

Question 16

What is metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 16

changes in HCO3-

Question 17

What is single acid-base disorder (compensation)

Answer 17

One disturbance with compensatory mechanism

Question 18

What is Mixed or complex (compensation)

Answer 18

two or more primary disturbances

Question 19

Describe respiratory acidosis

Answer 19

Decrease in minute ventilation(hypoventilation) which causes increased CO2 in body >40mmHG(hypercapnia)
Increased CO2 shift equation and increase H+ ions so PH decreases

Question 20

Describe respiratory alkalosis

Answer 20

Increase in minute ventilation(hyperventilation)
decreased CO2 in body <38mmhg(hypocapnia)
decreased CO2 shift equation and decrease H + ions so PH increases

Question 21

Describe metabollic Acidosis

Answer 21

Gain of H+ or loss of HCO3- <24mEQ/L
Causes a decrease in PH

Question 22

Describe metabolic alkalosis

Answer 22

Loss of H+ or Gain of HCO3- >28mEq/L
Causes a increase in PH

Question 23

What is Increase in CO2 and Decrease PH

Answer 23

respiratory acidosis

Question 24

What is decrease CO2 and increase PH

Answer 24

respiratory Alkalosis

Question 25

What is decrease HCO3 and decrease PH

Answer 25

Metabolic acidosis

Question 26

What is increase HCO3 and increase PH

Answer 26

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 27

What is Shock

Answer 27

A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of circulating fluid. It is marked by hypotension, coldness of the skin and tachycardia

Question 28

What happens to cells in shock

Answer 28

function is affected and left untreated cells may be damaged and die and main process in under perfusion of vital tissues and also inadequate blood supply so increase anaerobic respiration so increase CO2 and lactate

Question 29

Name types of shock

Answer 29

Hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic and obstructive

Question 30

What types are primary decrease in cardiac output (shock)

Answer 30

Cardiogenic and obstructive

Question 31

Define Hypovolemic

Answer 31

low circulating blood volume

Question 32

Give Hypovolemic shock causes

Answer 32

Loss of blood-trauma Body fluids- skin - burns and sweating GI tract- vomiting and diarrhea Kidneys- adrenal insufficiency

Question 33

Define Distributive (shock)

Answer 33

Vasodilation

Question 34

Examples of distributive (vasodilation)(shock)

Answer 34

Anaphylaxis Bacterial infection (septic shock) severe injury to spinal cord medicine/poisons