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Ventilation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

The volume of air expired in one minute

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2
Q

Define respiratory rate

A

The frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of air reaching the respiratory zone

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4
Q

Define respiration

A

The process of generating ATP either with an excess of O2 (aerobic) or a shortfall (anaerobic)

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5
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

The capacity of the airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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6
Q

Define alveolar dead space

A

Capacity of the airways that should be able to undertake gas exchange bu cannot
e.g. hyperperfused alveoli

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7
Q

Define physiological dead space

A

Equivalent to the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

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8
Q

Define Hypoventilation

A

Deficient ventilation of the lungs; unable to meet metabolic demand
Increased pCO2- acidosis

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9
Q

Define Hyperventilation

A

Excessive ventilation of the lungs atop pf metabolic demands
Reduces pCO2- alkalosis

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10
Q

Define Hyperpnoea

A

Increased depth of breathing (to meet metabolic demand)

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11
Q

Define Hypopnoea

A

Decreased depth of breathing (inadequate to meet metabolic demand)

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12
Q

Define apnoea

A

Cessation of breathing (no air movement)

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13
Q

Define dyspnoea

A

Difficulty in breathing

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14
Q

Define bradypnoea

A

Abnormally slow breathing rate

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15
Q

Define tachypnoea

A

Abnormally fast breathing rate

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16
Q

Define Orthopnoea

A

Positional difficulty in breathing (when lying down)

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17
Q

What are volumes?

A

Discrete sections of the graph and do not overlap

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18
Q

What are capacities?

A

Sum of two or more volumes

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19
Q

Quantify minute ventilation

A

Tidal Volume (L) x Breathing frequency

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20
Q

Quantify alveolar ventilation

A

(Tidal volume - Dead space) x Breathing frequency

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21
Q

What are the factors affecting lung volumes and capacities?

A 
Body size
Sex
Fitness
Age
Disease
Age
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22
Q

What are the two component of the chest wall?

A

Bone + muscle + fibrous tissue

Lungs

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23
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional residual capacity

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24
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

When we are at the end of tidal expiration

Where the outward recoil of the rib cage and the elastic recoil lungs are in equilibrium

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25
What is the pleural cavity?
Space in-between parietal and visceral pleura Fixed volume Contains protein-rich pleural fluid At negative pressure
26
What does the negative pressure of the pleural cavity allow for?
Chest wall to pull lung down as the diaphragm moves down
27
What are the lungs surrounded by?
Visceral pleural membrane
28
What is the inner surface of the chest wall covered by?
Parietal pleural membrane
29
What happens if you get a puncture in the chest wall or lungs?
Fixed volume pleural cavity is compromised | Air will fill cavity, elastic recoil will take over and the lung will collapse
30
What is tidal breathing?
The amount of inspiration and expiration the meets metabolic demands Normal breathing Usually nasal
31
What happens to tidal breathing when you exercise?
Tidal volume increases
32
What does the end of a tidal breath mark?
Functional residual capacity
33
Why can you not empty the lungs completely?
Surfactant in the alveoli | You cannot empty the lungs fully because you don't want the alveoli to stick together
34
What is the remaining volume known as?
Residual volume
35
What are the 4 main volumes?
Tidal Volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Reserve volume
36
What is TLC?
Total lung capacity All volumes combined When you inspire all the way in and fill your lungs up as much as possible
37
What is VC?
Vital Capacity How much air is within the confines of what we are able to inspire and expire TLC-RV
38
What is FRC?
Functional Residual Capacity The volume of air in the lungs when the outwards recoil of the rib cage and the inward recoil of the lungs are in equilibrium ERV+RV
39
What is IC?
Inspiratory Capacity How much extra air you can take in on top of the FRC TV+IRV
40
What drives flow?
Pressure gradient
41
What units are used when talking about lung volumes?
cmH2O
42
What is transmural pressure?
Pressure across a tissue or several tissues
43
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure
44
How do we normally breathe?
Using negative pressure breathing
45
What is negative pressure breathing?
You inspire when there is lower pressure inside the lungs
46
What is positive pressure breathing?
Involves increasing the pressure outside by using a ventilator or CPR
47
Describe the process of ventilation
Start: no no transpulmonary pressure The chest wall expands and creates negative pressure so more air flows in This establishes a pressure gradient down which air flows Eventually the pressure gradient will equalise again
48
How can the effect of the diaphragm be described?
A syringe | Pulling force in one direction
49
How can the effect of other respiratory muscles be described?
A bucket handle | An upwards and outwards swinging force
50
What is dead space?
The part of the airways and lung that does to participate in gas exchange
51
What is the conducting zone?
16 generations No gas exchange Typically 150ml in adults at FRC Equivalent to anatomical space
52
What is the respiratory zone?
7 generations Gas exchange Typically 150ml in adults Air reaching here is equivalent to alveolar respiration
53
What are non-perfused parenchyma?
Alveoli without blood supply No gas exchange Alveolar dead space Generally 0ml in adults
54
Why do lungs have a sigmoidal volume-pressure relationship?
To get an elastic lung to expand | The bigger the volume the more pressure is needed
55
What is FVC?
Forced Vital Capacity
56
What is FEV1?
The amount of air forced out of the lung in 1 second
57
What is the % FEV1 in a healthy person?
75%
58
What is FET?
Forced Expiratory Time | The time taken to expel all the air from the lungs
59
What would be seen in an obstructive lung disease?
FEV1 would be much lower (can't expel air fast) FET is much higher (takes longer to expel all air) FVC is much lower
60
Give an example of an obstructive lung disease
COPD
61
What would be seen in a restrictive lung disease?
Imagine you are trying to breathe and then someone gives you a big bear hug from behind - it limits the expansion of the thorax FVC is lower FEV1 is relatively high - because their conducting airways are quite clear they can expel air relatively easily
62
Give examples of values for FEV1/FVC ratios
o NORMAL = 73 o Restrictive = 87 o Obstructive = 53
63
How is the rate of flow show on a flow-volume loop?
Y axis is the flow rate - the further it deviates from the x-axis, the greater the rate of flow
64
How would a F-V loop differ for a mild obstructive disease?
Displaced to the left Indented exhalation curve Residual volume expanded
65
How would a F-V loop differ for a severe obstructive disease?
Shorter curve Displaced to the left Indented exhalation curve Deeper indentation = more severe
66
How would a F-V loop differ for a restrictive disease?
Displaced to the right Narrower curve Unable to get to high TLC , restriction to the expansion of the lungs
67
How would a F-V loop differ for a variable extra thoracic obstruction?
Blunted inspiratory curve | Otherwise normal
68
How would a F-V loop differ for a variable intra thoracic obstruction?
Blunted expiratory curve | Otherwise normal
69
How would a F-V loop differ for a fixed airway obstruction obstruction?
Blunted inspiratory curve Blunted expiratory curve Otherwise normal
70
What does P stand for?
Partial pressure
71
What does S stand for?
Hb Saturation
72
What does A stand for?
Alveolar
73
What does a stand for?
Arterial
74
What is Dalton's law?
Partial pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the SUM of the partial pressures of gases in the mixture
75
What is Fick's law?
Molecules diffuse from regions of high concentration to low concentration at a rate proportional to the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, the exchange SURFACE AREA and the DIFFUSION CAPACITY of the gas, and inversely proportional to the THICKNESS of the exchange surface
76
What is Henry's law?
At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the PARTIAL PRESSURE of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid
77
What is Boyle's law?
at a constant temperature, VOLUME IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO PRESSURE
78
What is Charles' law?
at a constant pressure, VOLUME IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO TEMPERATURE
79
What happens to air as altitude increases?
As you get higher the pressure of the atmosphere decreases but the PROPORTIONS OF THE GASES REMAINS THE SAME
80
What is total O2 delivery rest?
16 mL∙min-1
81
What is the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve for Hb?
Sigmoidal
82
What is P50?
The partial pressure of O2 when when Hb is 50% saturated
83
What happens to the ODC during exercise?
Shifts to the right | Reflect higher engird consumption
84
What happens to cause the shift to the right?
Increase in temperature Acidosis Hypercapnia (elevated CO2 because there is more cellular metabolism0 Increase in 2,3-DPG
85
What can happen to cause a shift to the left?
``` Decrease in temperature Alkalosis Hypocapnia Decrease in 2,3-DPG pH is lower in the tissues that in the lungs which helps it unload ```
86
What can cause a downwards shift?
Anaemia | Impaired oxygen carrying capacity
87
What can cause an upwards shift?
Polycythaemia
88
What is polycythaemia?
An increase in the packed cell volume (haematocrit) in the blood - it could be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells
89
What is the overall effect of carbon monoxide on Hb?
Reduces amount of Hb that can bind to O2 | Decreases capacity
90
How to CO affect the ODC?
Downward and leftward shift
91
Why does foetal Hb have a high affinity?
Needs to steal O2 from mothers blood
92
What should deoxygenated blood be called?
Mixed venous blood | Blood driving has aground 75% oxygen bound
93
How saturated will the blood be when it reaches the tissues?
97%

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