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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine > Ventilation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Ventilation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of minute ventilation

A

Volume of air expired in one minute or per minute

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2
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

Aveolar ventilation

A

Volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

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4
Q

What is the anatomical dead space

A

Capacity of airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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5
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

Capacity of airways that shoulder be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot

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6
Q

What is the physiological dead space

A

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

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7
Q

What is hypoventilation

A

Deficient ventilation of the lungs, underable to meet metabolic demand - acidosis

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8
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Excessive ventilation of lungs atop metabolic demand - alkalosis

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9
Q

What is hyperpnoea

A

Increase depth of breathing

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10
Q

What is hypopnoea

A

Decreased depth of breathing

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11
Q

What is apnoea

A

Cessation of breathing

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12
Q

What is dyspnoea

A

Difficulty in breathing

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13
Q

What is bradypnoea

A

Abnormally slow breathing rate

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14
Q

What is tachypnoea

A

Abnormally fast breathing rate

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15
Q

What is orthopnoea

A

Positional difficulty in breathing

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16
Q

Why is there residual volume when you exhale

A

There is surfactant and liquid that prevents the lung from collapsing

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17
Q

Capacities are the some of what

A

Sum of two or more volumes

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18
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation

A

Tidal volume x breathing frequency

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19
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation formula

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing frequency

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20
Q

What factors affect lung volumes and capabities

A

Body size - height, shape (less so)

Sex - males have larger lunger volume

Disease - breakdown of tissue, COPD lung capacity goes up

Age

Fitness - athletic parents

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21
Q

What is non-perfused parenchyma

A

Alveoli without a blood supply

No gas exchange

Typically 0

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22
Q

What is the conducting zone

A

No gas exchange

150mL in adults

Anatomical dead space

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23
Q

What is the respiratory zone

A

Where gas exhange happens

Alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

What can increase dead space in lungs

A

Anasethetic circuit

Snorkelling

Intubation

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25
What can decrease the dead space lungs
Tracheostomy Cicothyrocotomy Don't want airways to collapse
26
What is the chest wall relationship
Chest wall has a tendency to spring outwards Lung has a tendency to recoil inwards
27
What happens during inspiration
Inspiration muscle effort + chest recoil \> lung recoil
28
What happens during expiration
Chest recoil \< lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort
29
Basic chest wall anatomy
Lungs are surrounded by visceral pleural membrane Inner surface of chest wall is covered by a parietal pleural membrane Pleural cavity is a fixed volume
30
Diagram of pleural cavity integrity
31
What is an example of negative pressure breathing
Healthy breathing
32
What is an example of positive pressure breathing
Resusitation Mechanical ventilation CPR Fighter pilots
33
What does a negative transrespiratory pressure lead to
Inspiration P(inside)-P(outside)
34
What does light ventilation require
Pulling force of diaphragm
35
What is the dalton law
Pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of partial pressures of gases in that mixture. Normally 100kPa
36
What is the fick laws
Moelcules diffus from regions of high conc to low conc at rate proportional to concetration gradient, surface area or diffusion capacity. Inversely proportional to thickness of surface
37
What is henrys law
At a constant temeprature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibirum
38
What is Boyle laws
Volume of gas is inversly proportional to pressure of gas
39
What is charles law
At a constant pressure, the volume of gas is proportional to the temperature of that gas
40
What is the percentage of air
N - 78.09 o2 - 20.95 Ar = 0.93 C02 - 0.04 Other things - 0.01
41
How does the composition of air change in smoke
CO2 and CO increases
42
What happens to air composition in high altitude
Partial pressure is lower Air is thinner
43
Diagram of inspired gas in airways
Conducting airways - saturate the air
44
What happens to air as it goes down the airways
Warmed, humidified, slowed and mixed
45
What happens as oxygen keeps binding to haemoglobin
Affinity for oxygen increases
46
What is allosteric behaviour
Protein changes shape in response to something that is bound or unbound
47
Allosteric behaviour of haemoglobin
48
What is the role of 2,3 - DPG
helps unload oxygen
49
What is cooperativity
The more 02 the more 02 affinity
50
What does a pulse oximeter determine
oxygen binding don't assume patient is fit and healthy as can have a low haemoglobin
51
What happens during a rightward shift of oxygen dissociation curve
Increase in temperature Acidosis Increase in 2,3 - DPG Exercise High CO2 (hypercapnia)
52
What happens during a downward shift
Anaemia Impaired oxygen carrying capacity
53
What happens during an upwards shift
Polycythemia
54
What effect does carbon monoxide have on oxygen dissociation curve
Downwards and leftwards shift Decreased capacity Increase affinity
55
What is the relation of foetal haemoglobin to the oxygen dissociation curve
Greater affinity that adult HbA to extraxt oxygen from mothers placenta
56
What is the relation of myoglobin to oxygen dissociation curve
Myoglobin has a greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen - exist in muscles, storage cupboard
57
Why is the oxygen saturation lower in tissues
Airway dumps blood with less oxygen which dilutes blood saturation
58
How much is the saturation of haemglobin as it travels back to lungs
75%
59
What is resting oxygen consumption
250mLm/min
60
What is HbC02
Carbaminohaemoglobin
61
How does C02 load into tissues
62
Why do we not produce a proportionate amount of C02 compared to O2
Due to the water as a byproduct
63
What is the pulmonary transit time
C02 is more soluble, less time Gas exchange time normally 0.25s

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine (11 decks)

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