Ventilation & gas exchange

Question 1

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 1

The volume of air expired in one minute

Question 2

What is respiratory rate?

Answer 2

The frequency of breathing per minute.

Question 3

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 3

The volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

Question 4

What is respiration?

Answer 4

The process of generating ATP either with an excess of oxygen and a shortfall

Question 5

what is anatomical dead space?

Answer 5

The capacity of the airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

Question 6

What is alveolar dead space?

Answer 6

The capacity of the airways that should be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot (Hypoperfused alveoli).

Question 7

What is physiological dead space?

Answer 7

Equivalent to the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

Question 8

What is hypoventilation?

Answer 8

Deficient ventilation the lungs, unable to meet metabolic demands (Increased PCO2) - acidosis

Question 9

What is hyperventilation?

Answer 9

Excessive ventilation of lungs atop of metabolic demand (reduced PCO2) - alkalosis
(volume not rate)

Question 10

What is hyperpnoea?

Answer 10

Increased depth of breathing to meet metabolic demand§

Question 11

What is hypopnea?

Answer 11

Decreased depth of breathing (inadequate to meet metabolic demand)

Question 12

What is apnoea?

Answer 12

Cessation of breathing

Question 13

What is dyspnoea?

Answer 13

Difficulty in breathing

Question 14

What is bradypnoea?

Answer 14

Abnormally small breathing rate

Question 15

What is tachypnoea?

Answer 15

Abnormally fast breathing rate

Question 16

What is orthopnea?

Answer 16

Position difficulty in breathing (when lying down)

Question 17

Pros/ Cons of hyperventilation

Answer 17

increased oxygen can be good but could = reduced CO2 which affects blood pH

Question 18

What does respiratory volume mean?

Answer 18

Term used to describe the volume of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point within the respiratory cycle

Question 19

What does tidal volume mean?

Answer 19

Volume of air that occupies the lungs during periods of quiet breathing (500ml)

Question 20

What does expiratory reserve volume mean (ERV)?

Answer 20

Volume of air that can forcefully be exhaled succeeding normal tidal expiration

Question 21

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 21

Produced from deep inhalation, past tidal inspiration. This is the additional volume that is drawn into the lungs through forced inspiration.

Question 22

What is residual volume?

Answer 22

The volume of air present in lungs upon maximum exhalation. The residual asset with breathing ability by preventing alveoli collapse

Question 23

What is respiratory capacity?

Answer 23

Combination of 2+ selected volumes

Question 24

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 24

Sum of all lung volumes (TV, ERV, IRV, and RV), represents the total amount of air that can occupy the lungs upon a forceful inhalation

Question 25

What is the inspiratory capacity (IV)?

Answer 25

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume | Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration

Question 26

What is functional residual capacity?

Answer 26

Amount of air that remains in the lung after normal tidal expiration FRC = Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 27

What is vital capacity?

Answer 27

The amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs. Sum of TV, ERV & IRV

Question 28

What is the calculation to calculate minute ventilation?

Answer 28

tidal volume (L or L/breath) x breathing frequency (breaths/min)

Question 29

What are the units for minute ventilation and an avg value?

Answer 29

``` units = L/min avg = 6L/min ( 0.5L x 12 b/min) ```

Question 30

What is the calculation for alveolar ventilation?

Answer 30

[Tidal volume (L) - dead space (L) ] x breathing frequency (breaths/min)

Question 31

What are the units for alveolar ventilation?

Answer 31

L/min | avg = 4.2L/min ( [0.5L - 0.15L] x 12 b/min)

Question 32

What are some factors affecting lung volume & capacities?

Answer 32

Body size (height, shape - mostly height tho) Sex ( males tend to have a larger lung volume and total capacity compared to females) Disease - pulmonary & neurological ( can cause a breakdown of tissue BUT disease doesn't mean that you have a lower volume e.g. COPD leads to an increase in total lung capacity but problem is that residual capacity increases vvv largely and this reduces ur vital capacity) Age (mainly due to disease...) Fitness (athletic parents can mean children have larger volume (innate) )

Question 33

What forms the anatomical dead space within the trachea and bronchioles?

Answer 33

The C-shaped cartilaginous rings within the conducting zone do not participate in gas exchange

Question 34

What is anatomical dead space?

Answer 34

Air is present in the air away however does not reach the alveoli or participate in gas exchange. - in the conducting zone

Question 35

How many generations are present within the superficial conducting zone?

Answer 35

16 generations; no gas exchange | typically 150ml at FRC

Question 36

What forms the alveolar dead space?

Answer 36

Non-perfused parenchyma - avascular alveoli therefore unable to conduct gas exchange considering that oxygen cannot be transferred to the pulmonary circulation. essentially they receive oxygen but no blood supply to give it to typically 0m/L in adults (negligible)

Question 37

What forms the anatomical dead space within the trachea and bronchioles?

Answer 37

The C-shaped cartilaginous rings within the conducting zone do not participate in gas exchange

Question 38

What is physiological dead space?

Answer 38

alveolar + anatomical