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ch-11 quiz 2 ventilation > ventilation-quiz2 > Flashcards

ventilation-quiz2 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Receives afferent impulses from all other areas in the body

A

Respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

It is here where afferent impulses are interpreted & efferent impulses are initiated

A

Medulla oblongata

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3
Q

These are 2 areas in the medulla that contain respiratory neurons

A

Dorsal Respiratory group & Ventral respiratory group

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4
Q

This is where inspiratory efferent impulses originate & then travel to VRG & Spinal Chord

A

DRG

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5
Q

Inspiration normally a ramp signal, increasing steadily for approx. _______ seconds & then stopping for approx. _______ seconds.

A

2 seconds

3 seconds

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6
Q

What is the primary controller of the depth & rate of inspiration?

A

DRG

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7
Q

Name the two centers in the pons that contain afferent respiratory neurons?

A

Pneumotaxic Center

Apneustic Center

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8
Q

Functions primarily by sending efferent impulses to all expiratory motor neurons during stressed ventilation?

A

VRG

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9
Q

Axons from the higher brain centers descend into where?

A

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

Afferent impulses from here fine tune ventilator rhythmic breathing

A

Pneumotaxic Center

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11
Q

Afferent impulses from here cause a sustained inspiratory pattern with only short expiratory times which is located in the lower pons; if destroyed will cause a rapid, irregular, gasping respiratory pattern.

A

Apneustic Center

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12
Q

Inhibits length of respiration

A

Pneumotaxic Center

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13
Q

Important to stressed breathing, they are inactive during normal quiet breathing & is important during exercises; Sends inspiratory efferent impulses during stressed breathing

A

VRG

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14
Q

Responsible for generating the basic rhythm of inspiration

A

DRG

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15
Q

Afferent impulses via the vagus nerve originate from what two areas?

A

Baroreceptors & Pulmonary Reflexes (stretch receptors aka Hering-Breuer Reflex)

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16
Q

Where are stretch receptors located that activate the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Smooth muscle of conducting airways

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17
Q

What stimulates the hering-breuer reflex?

A

Lung inflation & increased transpulmonary pressures stiulate the receptors

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18
Q

Where are J-receptors located?

A

In the walls of pulmonary capillaries

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19
Q

What stimulates J-receptors?

A

Increased interstitial fluid volume or edema, pulmonary congestion, chemical irritants

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20
Q

What type of breathing occurs when j receptors are stimulated?

A

Rapid, Shallow breathing

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21
Q

When J-receptors are stimulated it can result in hyper/hypo ventilation?

A

Hypoventilation

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22
Q

This innervates the peripheral chemoreceptor cells in the carotid bodies?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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23
Q

Central/Peripheral chemoreceptors can differentiate between concentrations or pressures of various substances?

A

Peripheral

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24
Q

Name the 2 groups of peripheral chemoreceptors & what nerve innervates them?

A

Carotid bodies innervated by glossopharyngeal (cranial IX) nerve;
Aortic bodies innervated by vagus nerve (cranial X)

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25
A compensatory/synergistic response from peripheral chemoreceptors works during hypoxemia and acidosis
Synergistic
26
Name 2 conditions that have no stimulating effect on ventilation?
Carbon monoxide poisoning & anemia
27
PaCO2 has a direct/indirect effect on chemoreceptor cells?
Indirect
28
The magnitude of the response of H+ is greater in chemical/peripheral chemoreceptors?
Chemical chemoreceptors
29
Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by an increase in H+ causes a decreased/increased RR & increased/decreased tidal volume.
caused increased RR | increased tidal volumes
30
T or F: A decrease in H+ which stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors dramatically decreases RR & Vt
False, it has a slight decrease in both
31
Poorly defined groups of cells located near ventrolateral surface of medulla & in contact with CSF & arterial blood?
Central chemoreceptors
32
CSF is considered to be more/less acidic than arterial pH?
More with an average of 7.336 pH
33
What is diffusible easily across the blood brain barrier?
CO2
34
Changes in arterial PH/PCO2 alter diffusion to the CSF
PCO2
35
Increased PCO2 stimulates/inhibits ventilation whereas decreased PCO2 stimulates/inhibits ventilation.
Increased stimulates | Decreased inhibits
36
T or F: CO2 content of both venous & arterial blood can influence CSF CO2 levels.
True
37
T or F: Chronic increases in PaCO2 rapidly cause an increase in CSF PCO2.
False, acute increases of PaCO2 cause increase in CSF PCO2
38
T or F: Alveolar ventilation influence CSF CO2y levels.
True
39
T or F: Increased PCO2 in CSF causes the CSF pH to increase.
False pH will decrease with an increase in PCO2 in the CSF
40
Chronically elevated PaCO2 results to increased/decreased sensitivity to CO1 changes.
Decreased
41
T or F: acute decreases in PaCO2 will cause a rapid decrease in PCO2
True
42
Decreases in plasma pH stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors/chemical chemoreceptors
Peripheral
43
Peripheral/Chemical chemoreceptors stimulate/inhibit ventilation & central chemoreceptors stimulate/inhibit ventilation
Peripheral stimulate | Chemical inhibit
44
Hypoxemia stimulates peripheral/central chemoreceptors
Peripheral
45
Most voluntary control of ventilation is initiated via pons/medulla/cerebral cortex.
Cerebral Cortex
46
This area of the brain is involved in controlling breathing during emotional behavior?
Thalmus
47
Name 3 factors that stimulate ventilation
``` Hypoxemia Hypercarbia Acidosis Fever, infection, sepsis Stimulation of J-receptors Fear, anxiety ```
48
Name 3 factors that depress ventilation
Hypocarbia Alkalosis Electrolyte imbalance Fatigue
49
Breathing pattern which is highly irregular with periods of apnea
Biots
50
Breathing pattern that includes increasing & decreasing volumes followed by period of apnea
Cheynes-Stokes
51
Pattern of long sustained inspirations & short expiratory times, seen during injury to pons.
Apneustic breathing
52
Increased CO2 dilates/constricts cerebral vessels & increases/decreases blood flow
Dilates | Increases
53
In COPD this is why chronic hyperventilation does not persist when elevated CO2 is chronic.
Kidney compensation & Bicarb returns pH to normal trending acidic but normal so since normal pH it won't stimulate hyperventilation & receptors
54
Which type of chemoreceptor react 5x more quickly
Peripheral chemoreceptors
55
Kidneys retain/secrete HCO3 in response to respiratory acidemia
Retain
56
Central/Peripheral/both chemoreceptors respond directly to H+
Both central & peripheral respond directly to H+
57
This controls the off switch of the DRG inspiratory ramp signal to inhibit inspiration
Pneumotaxic center of the brain
58
A weak signal sent by DRG across inspiratory ramps causes longer/shorter insp times & larger/smaller tidal volumes
longer inspiratory times & larger Vt
59
This causes prolonged inspiration gasps
Apneustic center
60
Activated by a large Vt & is important in exercise
Hering Breuer Reflex
61
This reflex causes laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coughing, & bradycardia
Vavovagal reflex
62
Receptor that may be responsible for causing the sensation of dyspnea.
J-receptors
63
PaO2 can affect peripheral/central chemoreceptors
Peripheral
64
PaCO2 most strongly effect peripheral/central chemoreceptors.
Central
65
H+ ions & pH stimulates peripheral/central receptors
Peripheral
66
What are some peripheral chemoreceptors?
Carotid & Aortic bodies
67
Decreased CO2 dilates/constricts cerebral vessels
Constricts
68
Stops ventilation when impulses are sent across the vagus nerve when Vt is 800 - 1000 ml Vt
Hering-Breuer Reflex
69
Respond to increased H+ in CSF, peripheral/central chemoreceptors
central
70
Nerve impulses travel along vagus/glossopharyngeal/Phrenic nerve causing action on effectors such as diagphragm & muscles of inspiration.
Phrenic
71
These nerves innervate the diaphragm
Phrenic
72
What are the 3 basic elements of respiration
Central controller: Pons, Medulla Cortex Input (sensors like chemoreceptors, pulmonary, etc) Effectors; resp muscles, diaphragm, accessory muscles
73
What controls conscious or voluntary breathing
Cerebral Cortex
74
This part of brain responsible for rage or fear | Thalmus/hypothalamus
Hypothalmus
75
This part of brain responsible for emotions | thalamus/hypothalamus
Thalmus
76
This stimulates central chemoreceptors more quickly: elevated PaCO2 or H+
PaCO2

ch-11 quiz 2 ventilation (1 decks)

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