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Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) > VePHY M1 > Flashcards

VePHY M1 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

unfavorable response to therapy caused by the therapeutic effort itself

A

iatrogenic disease

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2
Q

one of the most common endocrinopathies in cats

A

hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

excess of this hormone leads to demineralization of bone, hypercalcemia, renal calculi, and calcification of soft tissues

A

PTH

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4
Q

due to excessive autonomous secretion of parathyroid hormone

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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5
Q

results from excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland, causing morphologic and functional hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex

A

secondary hyperadrenocorticism

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6
Q

adenoma or carcinoma of the adrenal cortex is formed, producing cortisol that is not controlled by ACTH

A

cushing’s syndrome

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7
Q

caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

A

hyperadrenocorticism

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8
Q

result of a developmental defect whereby hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland fail to differentiate completely

A

panhypopituitarism

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9
Q

can be due to insufficient secretion of TSH

A

secondary hypothyroidism

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10
Q

result of an autoimmune process whereby the thyroid gland is invaded by immune cells and the hormone-secreting cells are destroyed

A

primary hypothyroidism

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11
Q

defined as the smallest amount of unlabeled hormone that can be distinguished from having no hormone in the sample

A

sensitivity

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12
Q

extent to which a given set of measurements of the same sample agrees with the mean

A

precision

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13
Q

extent to which a set of measurements of a substance agrees with the exact amount of the substance that is present

A

accuracy

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14
Q

freedom from interference by substances other than the one intended to be measured

A

specificity

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15
Q

four criteria for assay validity

A

specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity

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16
Q

These substance is considered to be a tertiary messenger

A

calcium

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17
Q

Changes in ionized calcium within the cell regulate a protein called

A

calmodulin

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18
Q

enzymes that catalyze the conversion of inactive proenzyme to active enzymes

A

kinase

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19
Q

What are the initial steps in signal transduction of Proteins and Polypeptide hormones

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
  2. receptor binding activates intramembranous regulatory proteins
  3. stimulatory regulatory proteins increase adenylate cyclase activity
  4. adenylate cyclase catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP from ATP
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20
Q

Where is the location of adenylate cyclase

A

inner surface of membrane

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21
Q

Concentrations of cyclic AMP increase or decrease in response to these hormones

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, calcitonin, PTH

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22
Q

ATP is degraded to CAMP by

A

phosphodiesterase

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23
Q

CAMP is derived from ATP through the action of

A

adenylate cyclase

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24
Q

what are some second messenger of hormones

A
  1. cyclic AMP
  2. calcium
  3. phosphotidylinositides
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25
what are the end results of iodothyronines
1. proteins to regulate other tissues 2. enzymes 3. receptors for other hormones
26
affect the frequency of transcript initiation
hormone response elements
27
modify the abundance of gene products
promotor elements
28
what are the steroid hormones
estrogens, progesterone, androgens
29
which hormones has their receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus
steroids, vitamin d and iodothyronines
30
their receptors are located within the cell membrane
neurotransmitters, proteins, peptides
31
water soluble hormones that do not require additional carrier proteins for transport
proteins and peptides
32
insoluble hormones which require carrier proteins
Iodothyronines, steroids
33
regulation of hormonal secretion from an endocrine gland by an effect of the circulating hormone that the gland itself produces
feedback control
34
classic example of positive and negative feedback process
hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
35
which hormones are produced without feedback regulation
equine chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, estrogens, hormones of ectopic glands
36
its concentrations in blood change seasonally responding to changes in ambient temperature
thyroxine
37
2 functional domains of hormone receptors
1. one that binds the hormone (recognition domain) 2. the other that regulates post-binding biochemical events (coupling domain)
38
store abundant iodothyronines as thyroglobulin, providing a mechanism to delay hypothyroidism should synthetic mechanisms fail
thyroid follicles
39
these species have similar thyrogobulins structure
man, sheep, pigs, cattle
40
represents the storage form of the iodothyronines
thyroglobulin
41
Give the characteristics of a true endocrine gland that separate it from other organs that also produce hormones
1. endocrine glands synthesize the hormone at faster rates 2. efficiently process prohormones 3. have mechanisms for releasing he hormone in a controlled manner
42
Estrogen is a precursor of what substance in the female
androstenedione
43
In which organs are Thyroxine (T4) is converted to the hormone triiodothyronine (T3)
liver, kidney, brain, pituitary gland
44
what are the lipidic hormones
steroids, eicosanoids
45
Common characteristics of hormones
1. present in the blood and other extracellular fluids in low concentrations 2. existence of mechanisms that direct hormones to their target cells and tissues
46
range of hormone concentration from in extracellular fluids
10-11 to 10-9 M
47
range of concentrations of nonhormonal amino acids, peptides, and lipids
10-5 to 10-3 M
48
organ where insulin exerts its major function
liver
49
which cell structure are prohormones encoded
rough ER
50
Other peptides with hormonal activity derived from POMC include
MSH, beta-endorphin, beta-lipotropin
51
Enumerate some prohormones
proinsulin, proglucagon, progastrin, procalcitonin
52
preproPTH is a polypeptide of 113 amino acids and it is synthesized in the
ribosomes of chief cells
53
in which organelle is PreproPTH reduced to proPTH with 90 amino acids
endoplasmic reticulum
54
require equally sophisticated communications networks and strategies
control mechanisms
55
significantly dependent on hormones from the endocrine system for normal function
nervous system
56
an endocrine gland highly integrated with the nervous system
adrenal medulla
57
study of communication within a living organism by means of hormones
endocrinology
58
chemical messengers of the endocrine system
hormones
59
hormones are secreted from a ductless gland, emptied directly into the circulation, and transported by the blood to some distance to alter function of a target organ
hemocrine communication
60
routes of hormones other than blood
Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurocrine, and Solinocrine
61
hormones are secreted locally into the extracellular space only to self-regulate the very cells that released them
autocrine
62
communication involves secretion of hormones from a cell directly into the surrounding extracellular space
paracrine
63
delivers very high concentrations of the hormone to its target site
paracrine
64
specialized form of paracrine function in which the chemical messenger is transferred to a target cell via a synapse or neuromuscular junction
neurocrine
65
hormones secreted directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive tracts
solinocrine
66
it functions include enzyme synthesis, erythropoiesis, bone turnover, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism
thyroxine
67
hormones which regulate lactation
prolactin, placental lactogens, corticosteroids, thyroxine, sex steroids, oxytocin
68
vital for maintenance of the animal’s internal environment
hormones, nervous system
69
their actions are essential for pre-and postnatal growth and development
hormones
70
important in timing the cessation of growth
GH
71
give the protein hormones
prolactin and growth hormone
72
give the glycoprotein hormones
TSH, LH, FSH
73
what are the peptide hormones
insulin, IGF-1, ACTH
74
hormones derived from amino acids
triiodothyronine and catecholamines

Endocrine Physiology (4th, 1st sem) (5 decks)

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