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Target test prep > Verbal - Sentence Correction > Flashcards

Verbal - Sentence Correction Flashcards

1
Q

What are pronouns?

A

Used as nouns that refers to someone or something (e.g. I, you, she, it, this)

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2
Q

What are modifiers?

A

Changes, clarifies, qualifies, or limits a particular word to add emphasis, explanation or detail

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3
Q

What are adjectives?

A

Words that describes noun. Generally modify nouns. e.g. “beautiful” flowers

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4
Q

What are antecedent?

A

The word that a pronoun replaces or refers to. John loves his dog then “his” is a pronoun and “John” is antecedent.

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5
Q

What are phase?

A

Collection of words without a S-V relationship. It will never stand alone as a sentence.

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6
Q

What are clause?

A

S + FV

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7
Q

What is finite verb?

A

Verb that answers the Q of “when did the action occur?”

Possessing, failing, surpassing or “to create” or “to return” are not FV

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8
Q

What are independent caluses contain?

A 
It contains both:
1. S and FV
2. can stand alone as a sentence
EVERY ENGLISH SENTENCE MUST HAVE AT LEAST 1 IC.
It can take a question form.
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9
Q

What do you call the FV that is in the IC?

A

Main verb

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10
Q

What are the dependent clauses?

A

clauses that cannot constitute sentences on their own.

It enhances or modifies the meaning of IC

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of DC?

A

Subordinate clauses, relative clauses, and noun clauses

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12
Q

what does subordinate cluases consist of?

A

Subordinate conjunction (SC) + S + FV

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13
Q

What are the subordinating conjunction? and give me 13 examples

A

Words that can take away the independence of clause when it’s placed at the head of the clause.

after, before, until, once, while, although, whereas, because, if , unless, even though, even if, though, as much as, whenever

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14
Q

What is sentence?

A

collection of words that contain at least one IC. Thus it must contain S and FV or MV.

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15
Q

What is sentence fragment?

A

The sentence that lacks in S or MV

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16
Q

What is the simple sentence?

A

Consists of a single IC followed by a period e.g., I do.

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17
Q

What is the compound sentence?

A

The sentence that composed of at least 2 ICs.

Compound sentence = IC + , + coordinating conjunction (CC)

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18
Q

What are the CC?

A 
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
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19
Q

What is comma splice?

A

linking 2 ICs with ONLY comma incorrectly.

WRONG: I ran, consequently, I fell.
RIGHT: I ran, and, consequently, I fell.

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20
Q

What is run-on sentence?

A

The absence of a comma before CC

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21
Q

How do you use ;?

A

As a substitute for a comma + CC.

In other words, ICs must be found on each side of the semi-colon.

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22
Q

What is the rule regarding the use of :?

A

Whenever we have a colon, it must be preceded by an IC.

WRONG: My morning routine included: making the bed and drinking coffee
CORRECT: I do two things as my morning routine: making the bed and drinking coffee

The correct one is IC and thus stands its own as a complete sentence.

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23
Q

What are complex sentences?

A

The sentences are composed of 1 IC and at least 1 subordinate clause. The subordinate clause plays modifying role.

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24
Q

What is the rule regarding a comma in complex senteces?

A

If a subordinate sentence is after the IC, a comma is optional.
If in the middle of the sentence or before the S, a comma is mandatory!

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25
Q

Rule regarding the conjunctions and the caluse?

A

number of conjunction = number of clauses - 1

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26
Q

What are compound-complex sentences?

A

The sentences with more than one IC and at least one subordinate clause.

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27
Q

What are the 2 rules about compound-complex sentence?

A
  1. When joining 2 ICs, we must link ICs with a comma + CC or ;
  2. When CC + SC, we have to have at least one IC to follow.
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28
Q

What are the 4 charactersitics of relative clause?

A

The relative clause is:

  1. a type of dependent clause
  2. always embedded within other clauses.
  3. It begins with the relative pronouns.
  4. Must have S and FV
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29
Q

What are the relative pronouns?

A

That, which, who, whom, whose, where, when

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30
Q

Under what condition, the relative pronouns becomes optional within the relative clause?

A

when the relative pronoun is NOT the S in relative clause

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31
Q

What are the noun clause? Many of them begin with what?

A

Plays the role of a noun.

Many begin with these following words: that, which, how, who, whom, where, whether, what, and why.

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32
Q

What are the three ways that the NC is seved as?

A
  1. Subject in a sentence: That i would be chosen as a winner is…
  2. Direct object (Noun/ pronoun that is receiving the action of FV in the clause.) eg Dayo picked what seems to be an apple.
  3. Object of a preposition: I am happy about how the weather turns out.
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33
Q

What is preposition?

A

Class of words that exporess relationships and must be followed by some sort of noun ot pronoun. eg, about, after, by…

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34
Q

How do you distinguish between RC and NS?

A

RC: comes after the noun and modifies the noun. (refers backwards)

NC: acts as a noun (usually explains the word before) eg, I was happy about how the weather turned out –> NC explains “about what? “

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35
Q

What is the rule regarding a comma when there is a series of items listed?

A

whe 3 or more items appear in a series, comma + CC must needed before the last item.

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36
Q

What can you use to clarigy the list of things?

A

semicolons

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37
Q

what is S-V agreement?

A

In any clause in a sentence, S of that cluase must agree in number with that S’s FV in that clause.

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38
Q

What are the strategy of finding S-V agreement?

A
  1. Identify action word e.g., MV

2. Find S (noun performing the action) by asking “who” or “what” doing the action?

39
Q

What is the Prepositional phase?

A

Type of modigying phase that begins wiht preposition like “by”, “for”, “in”, “with”, “to”. eg Toyoda is swimming “in the lake”.

40
Q

what is apposite?

A

element in a sentence thar modifies or further describes another element of a sentence by reaming it. e.g., The uninvited guest, “a large spider”, is creaiting a web in the house

41
Q

Are these following senteces’ subjets singular or plural?

Passing the exams is/are required.
Baking cookies is/are a great way to spend a day.

A

Both singular.

42
Q

The dispute about whether to get rid of the old books has/have the family in an uproar.

which is right and what confuses the S-V agreement?

A

has and prepositional phase btw S-V agreement

43
Q

The Shakespear, a legend in the drama industry, is/are still inspiring the young generation to this day.

which is right and what confuses the S-V agreement?

A

is and apposite

44
Q

What is the S in the following sentence?

The passage of the new tax laws do/does confuse a lot of people.

A

does and “of the new tax laws” is prepositional phase.

45
Q

The horse that has a spot on its chest and long, muscular legs is/are moving quickly.

which is right and what confuses the S-V agreement?

A

is and RC between the S and the verb

46
Q

What are compound subjects?

A

A subject composed of multiple nouns joined by CC (FANBOYS)

47
Q

The boy and the girl walk/walks to school.
The bed and breakfast is/are fully booked.

which is right and what confuses the S-V agreement?

A

walk and is. second sentence subject is a single entity.

48
Q

What are additive phrases?

A

Phrase that begins with structures such as “along with”, “as well as”, “in addition to”, “accompanied by”, “together with”.

“AND” is NOT an additive phrase and S of a sentence will not be in the additive phase

49
Q

Sally, along with Joe, Bobby and Sue, is/are going to the club tonight.
which is right and what confuses the S-V agreement?

A

is. Singular S gollowed by additive phase remains singular.

50
Q

What are the 5 structures of the additive sentence?

A

“along with”, “as well as”, “in addition to”, “accompanied by”, “together with”.

51
Q

What 4 cases that compound subjects are special within the S-V agreement sense?

A

Sentences or clauses containing compound S’s joined by the conjunctions “or”, “nor”, “either…. or…”, “neither…nor…”, the verb must agree with S mount that is closest to the verb.

eg Neither thee bread not potatoes “look” appealing.

52
Q

What are the inverted sentence?

A

A sentence that FV comes first and then the S follows

eg Through those trees lives a creepy man.

53
Q

What are the collective nouns?

A

Nouns that name groups of people or things
In GMAT it is usually singular but if it refers to the group of individuals are acting differently, then you use plural verb!

eg. The crew argue amongst themselves….

54
Q

A group of dogs was/were chasing each other in the park?

A

Collective nouns + prepositional phrase.

it is “were” It is group but look at the prepositional phase!

55
Q

A majority of the students is/are apply for jobs.

A two-thrids majority of the ministers was/were required.

A

Collective nouns of “majority” and “monority”.
Depends on the context and ask the question “as a group?” ot “doing them separately?”.
IF group–> singular, if individuals –> plural

56
Q

Some preceeding elements in a S would always take a singular form. Which 3 elements are these?

A

Every, each, many a

57
Q

The dresser that is/are on the sale is still expensive.

The curtains that is/are on the sale is still expensive.

A

Relative pronouns and verb have to agree

is: that refers to dresser which is singular
are: that refers to curtains

58
Q

What are singular indefinite pronouns? (2A,5E, 4N, 1O, 3S,2W )

A 
Anybody
Anyone
each
either
everybody
everyone
everything
netiher
nobody
no one
nothing
one
somebody
someone
something 
whatever 
whoever
59
Q

Whoever the owners is/are, I will take care of it.

A

are: special case of whoever. Follow the plural noun.

60
Q

What are the plural indefinite pronouns ? 4 of them

A

both, few, many, several. Always take a plural verb

61
Q

Whar are the other indefinite pronouns that the form depends on what they are referring to?

A 
Some
Any
None
All
More
Most

eg. Some of the water is still in the lake.
Don’t cross off the prepositional phase!

62
Q

What is the rule regarding the subject with the word “number of”?

A

The number of: singular
A number of: takes a verb that agrees in number with what number is number of ie, depends on the what the number referring to.

63
Q

What is the rule regarding the subjects with the word “percentage of”?

A

The percentage of: singular
A percentage of: takes a verb that agrees in number with what percentage is percentage of ie, depends on the what the percentage referring to.

64
Q

What are the rule regarding the subject starting with the fraction?

A

It takes a verb that agrees in number with what fraction is fraction of ie, depends on the what the number referring to.

65
Q

What is the rule regarding the subjects with the word “percentage”?

A

takes a verb that agrees in number with what portion is portion of ie, depends on the what the number referring to.

66
Q

Unregualar singular plural form.

Whats the plural for alumnus, nuclueas and syllabus?

A

alumni, nuclei, syllabi

67
Q

What are the 3 non-traditional subjects? and what form does those verb have to take?

A

Infinitive: To catch all the Pokemons is difficult things…
Gerunds: Catching Pokemons is great feeling
Noun Caluse (also phrase): What I want to catch is Pokemon.

68
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

While she was in LA, Maria texted Melissa many times.

A

Issue 1 of pronoun: Multiple possible antecedents. we don’t know who “she” refers to. Maria or Melissa?

69
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

While the Wright brothers expected their machines to fly, many people didn’t believe it.

A

Issue 2 of pronoun: No antecedent but pronoun exists incorrectly. We do not know what many people believe in!

70
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The Colombian gold is increasing its value, a sign of a buyer’s confidence in the quality of the gold produced there.

A

Issue 3 of pronoun: An adjective cannot be antecedent f a pronoun. “there” can not be Colombia as Colombia is an adjective for the “gold”!! but “its” is referred to the gold so it’s okay!

71
Q

What are nouns?

A

The words for names, places and things.

72
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The boss’s dog is running fast, and his cat is too.

A

It is correct.

The exception case that, if the antecedents take possessive form then, even if its adjectives, pronouns can refer to them correctly.

73
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The prices at the store are high, and it is marked down on sale days.

A

Issue 4 of pronouns: A pronoun and antecedent don’t agree in number. “it” refers to “prices” do not satisfy the agreement.

74
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

Every cyclist on the team was tested for drug use regardless of how she had been placed.

A

Correct. The exceptional case that pronouns that refers to “each” and “every” must be singular.

75
Q

What are the rules regarding pronoun-antecedent agreement when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun?

A

Indefinite pronouns and possessive pronouns must agree in numbers.

eg, Everyone has his or her problem.

Everyone –> Singular Indefinite pronouns
his or her —> Singular possessive pronouns

76
Q

What is an indefinite pronoun?

A

A pronoun that does not refer to a specific person, place or things (i.e., noun)

77
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

Rich Roll, once an unhealthy corporate lawyer, he decided to change his life at the age of 40.

A

Issue 5 of pronoun: If a sentence contains a noun and a pronoun that plays a same role or 2 pronouns that play a same role, then the sentence contains a redundant word.

78
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

Even after people brought the Wright brothers’ feats to the attention of the Daily News, one of the newspapers serving Dayton, Ohio, it still did not cover the story.

A

Correct. Daily News and it plays a different role. Former has role of modifier and latter is a subject of IC.

79
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The term “Social Media” is often used to refer Facebook or Instagram, but it is actually any form of the internet communication.

A

Issue 6 of pronoun: “it” cannnot refer back to “Social Media”, but rather it will refer back to the “term “Social Media”” which makes no sence.

80
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

My dog remainded lost for days, which caused me to lose sleep until it was found.

A

Issue 7 of pronoun: A pronoun is referring to a clause.
“which” refers to the entire clause “My dog remainded lost for days” but we do not use relative pronoun “which” this way!
Thus, this is wrong sentence.

81
Q

What are the subject, object and possessive pronouns?

A

Subject pronouns: Do the action of the sentence.
Object pronouns: receive the action of the sentence
Possessive pronouns: express ownership

82
Q

List object and possessive form of personal pronouns.

i.e., I, you, he/she/it, we, they

A 
I, me, mine
you, you, yours
he/she/it, him/her/it, his/hers/its
we, us, ours
they, them, theirs
83
Q

List object and possessive form of relative pronouns.

i.e., who, whoever, which, that, what

A 
who, whom, whose
whoever, whomever
which, which
that, that
what, what
84
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The producer indicated that the music being listened to by the reporters and him had not yet been released.

A 
Errors in compound subject and compound object.
## remember! you want to replace with he or him.

This sentence is correct. “listened by him” make sense as a object of the preposition “by”.

85
Q

which of the option is correct ?

Nobody saw who/whom pulled the alarm.

A

who.

When dealing with who/whoever and whom/whomever, replace with he and him again.

86
Q

What is gerunds?

A

Form of a verb that ends in “-ing” and is used as a noun.

87
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

During the meeting with citizens, the mayor seemed to be surprised by their questioning the validity of data.

A

Combination of possessive pronouns and gerunds sounds funny but is correct.

the mayor is not surprised by the citizens, but rather their questions.

88
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

The tires on most sports cars are wider than those on most mid-size sedans.

A

Correct

Demostrative pronouns: pronouns that points out the noun in the sentence and always stands alone.

or used to point out the particular sent of a noun (i.e., subset of a noun) it to make a comparison.

Notice that “those” refers to the “tires” but now it is used to refer to the other “tires”.

89
Q

What are the examples of Demostrative pronouns and demostrative adjectives?

A

this, that, these, those

90
Q

What is demonstrative adjectives?

A

Adjetives that immediately followed by a noun as it modifies a noun.

That book is thick.

91
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

While pandas may seem cuddly and endearing, these have excessively strong bits and large claws.

A

Incorrect. “these” are not referring to point out specific set of pandas or brought in as a comparison. Thus, “they” should have been used.

92
Q

What is expletive “it” and delayed subject?

A

“it” that does not refer to any noun and often stands in for something that appears later in a sentence (i.e., delayed subjects)

there are few obvious exception to the expletive “it” such as “It’s two o’clock” or “It is raining”.

93
Q

Is this sentence correct or not?

It is apparent that Olmo is skilled writer.

A

Correct. “it” is expletive.

That Olmo is skilled writer is apparent.
it works!

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