vertebrae rise module

Question 1

axial skeleton

Answer 1

skull, mandible, vertebral column, rubs, sternum, and os penis

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

remaining bones associated with the libs, attached to axial skeleton via muscles or joints

Question 3

structure of the vertebral column

Answer 3

orange: cervical
blue: thoracic
yellow: lumbar
purple: sacral
green: caudal/ coccygeal

Question 4

intervertebral discs

Answer 4

junctions between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
annulus fibrosus: fibrous ring
Nucleus pulposus: pulp like center

Question 5

intervertebral foramina

Answer 5

small, round laterally located spaces between neighboring vertebrae
provide exit for spinal nerves, and passageway for arteries and veins
nerves come first, bones form around them!

Question 6

Which nervous structures branch from a spinal nerve after it emerges from the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 6

dorsal branch, ventral branch, and communicating branch

Question 7

Answer 7

1: vertebral body
2: spinous process
3: transverse process

Question 8

Answer 8

4a: lamina
4b: pedicle
neutral arch: lamina and pedicle
5: vertebral foramen

The neural arch is formed on each side by a pedicle laterally and a lamina dorsally.

Question 9

Answer 9

6: cranial articular process
7: caudal articular process

Question 10

Answer 10

6: cranial articular process
7: caudal articular process

Question 11

Follow a drop of blood from the heart to the right vertebral artery (and continue along the course of the right vertebral artery)

Answer 11

1. ascending aort
2. aortic arch
3. brachiocephalic trunk
4. right subclavian
5. vertebral artery
6. vertebral artery travels craniodorsally through the transverse foramina of C1-C6
7. exits transverse foramen in the atlas, passes through lateral vertebral foramen to enter the vertebral canal
8. vertebral artery travels into skull through foramen magnum and feels into the arterial circle

Question 12

Answer 12

the atlas (first cervical vertebrae)
lateral vertebral foramen
no spinous process
wings

Question 13

Answer 13

2nd cervical vertebrae, called the axis (in the middle has a small, peg shaped cranially directed structure called the dens)
prominent spinous process

Question 14

articulation of axis and atlas

Answer 14

articulate at the atlantoaxial joint

between the caudal articular fovea of the atlas and the cranial articular processes of the axis
the dens of the axis sitting on the ventral floor of the atlas

Question 15

Which cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen?

Answer 15

C1-C6

Question 16

Articulations between the caudal and cranial articular processes of adjacent cervical vertebrae occur in a ___-___ plane, hence why they are seen so clearly on ___ radiographs

Answer 16

Articulations between the caudal and cranial articular processes of adjacent cervical vertebrae occur in a dorso-ventral plane, hence why they are seen so clearly on lateral radiographs

Question 17

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 17

short bodies
large spines (particularly T1-T9)
short transverse processes
around T2 or T3, have mamillary processes which give additional attachment points for epaxial musculature
starting at mid-thoracic region, thoracic vertebrae have accessory processes, come off the pedicles of the neural arches and are attachment sites for muscles
anticlinal vertebra, thoracic vertebra T11

Question 18

Answer 18

1 is the spinous process
2 is the vertebral body 
2a is the cranial costal fovea
2b is the caudal costal fovea
3 is one of the transverse processes 
3a is the mamillary process
3b is the transverse fovea.

Question 19

articulation with ribs

Answer 19

given rib articulates with the cranial aspect of the vertebra of the same number (ex. rib 6 articulates with cranial aspect of T6 and caudal costal fovea of T5)

Question 20

Answer 20

dorsal part of each rib has two prominences:

1. A head - this articulates with the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
2. A tubercle - this articulates with the transverse process (specifically the transverse fovea) of the same-numbered thoracic vertebra

the head goes with the body, and the Ts go together (tubercle and transverse process)

articulations between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae are little synovial joints

Question 21

Which parts of a rib articulate with which parts of a thoracic vertebra?

Answer 21

Head of rib with body of thoracic vertebra, tubercle of rib with transverse process of thoracic vertebra,

Question 22

How do the directions of the spinous processes change as you move caudally along the thoracic region?

Answer 22

Caudally-directed -> Perpendicular to the long axis of T11 -> Cranially-directed

Question 23

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 23

robust vertebral bodies of intermediate length
moderately-sized spines
prominent transverse processes directed cranially and ventrolaterally
mammillary processes and accessory processes,

Question 24

Answer 24

4. cranial articular process
   4a. the mammillary process
5. caudal articular process
6. accessory process

Question 25

articulations of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 25

the caudal articular process of the more cranial vertebra is located medial to the cranial articular process of the more caudal vertebra it articulates with.

Question 26

Answer 26

cranial articular process of L3

Question 27

Answer 27

caudal articular process of L2

Question 28

Answer 28

accessory process of L2

Question 29

How to determine cranial vs. caudal for isolate lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 29

1. direction of transverse process project cranially
2. location of accessory process will be caudally located
3. direction of spinous process, caudal to T11 vertebral spins incline cranially