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Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the features of a typical vetebra

A

Large weight bearing body, anteroir to the vertebral foramen. From the lateral aspects of the body of the vetebra, the pedicles projects posteriorally to the lamina, the lamine then project posteriomedially to the spinous process of the vertebra. From the intersection of the pedicle and the lamina, the transverse process projects laterally. At the junction of the two lamina the spinous process projects posterioinferioly

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2
Q

Describe the cervical vetebrae

A

Overall small in size, transverse formen, large triangular shaped vertebral foramen (for cervical enlargement of the spinal cord)
Bifid spinous process not C1 or C7

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3
Q

Describe thoracic vertebrae

A

Intermediate in size, increasing inferiorly. Small round vertebral foramen, Facets for costal articulation. No transverse foramen

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4
Q

Describe Lumbar vertebrae

A

Overall large in size, large body. Triangular vertebral foramen for the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord, inferiorly for the cauda equina
No transverse foramen. Short and sturdy spinous processes

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5
Q

Describe the Atlas/C1

A

Contains no body, superior articular facet. Groove for vertebral artery. No spinous process. Articulates with the occipital condyles of skull

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6
Q

Describe the Axis/C2

A

Contains the dens, considered the body of C1 Bifid spinous process

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7
Q

Describe the atlanto-occiptial joint

A

Head flexion and extension-shake head yes

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8
Q

Describe the Atalnto-axial joint

A

Rotation-shake head no

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9
Q

How many vertebrae are in the human body

A

33

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10
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are in the human body

A

7

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11
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the human body

A

12

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12
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the human body

A

5

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13
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are in the human body

A

5

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14
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are in the human body

A

4v

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15
Q

What is unique to the sacral vertebrae

A

they are fused

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16
Q

Intervertebral foramina are formed by

A

superior and inferior vertebral notches, allows room for spinal nerve passage and accompanying blood vessels

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17
Q

Jefferson fracture

A

also known as a burst fracture of C1. Fracture at the anterior and posterior arches due to compression directed inferiorly

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18
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A

fracture at the transverse process of C2 due to hyper extension of the head

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19
Q

T1 has what kind of costal facet

A

Complete on superior body of T1 and demi facet on inferior body of T1

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20
Q

T2-T9 have what kind of costal facets

A

Demi facets on superior and inferior bodies of T2-T9

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21
Q

T10 has what kind of costal facet

A

Demi facet on superior body of T10 only

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22
Q

What kind of costal facets are found on T11 and T12

A

Complete costal facets on T11 and T12

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23
Q

Transverse costal facets are found on

A

T1-T10

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24
Q

From rib 2 to rib 10 the head of the rib articulates with

A

two vertebrae

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25
IV/Intervertebral discs account for ___ of vertebral column length
20%
26
IV disc composed of what 2 structures
1. Annulua fibrosus- outer ring of fibricartilage | 2. Nucleus pulposus-gelantions mass
27
No IV discs found
C1- skull, C1-C2, Sacrum, coccyx
28
herination of IV disc
95% lumbar disc protusion occur ar L4-L5 or L5-S1 | Typically posteriorlaterally, the annulus fiber is thin posterioly
29
Anterior longitudinal ligament
strong, broadm running down anteriorlu along the vertebral bodies and IV discs prevents hyperextension
30
Posterior longitudinal Lig
Narrower somewhat weaker. Runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and IV discs. Prevents hyperflexion
31
Supraspinous lig
Runs down the tips of the spinous processess frm C7 to the sacrum
32
Ligamentum Flavum
Elastic, yellow bands of tissu connecting laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Limits flexion
33
Interspinous
connect adjoining spinous processess
34
Nuchal ligamnet
Thick fibroelastic median band running from the external occiptial protuberance and the posterior border of the foramen magnum to C7 spinous process
35
Curvatures of the vertebral column
Primary-Thoracic and sacral kyphoses (concave anteriorly, present from birth) Secondary- Cervical and lumbar lordoses (concave posteriorly) Devopls when infant holds up head and toddles begins standing and walking
36
Kyphosis
hump back
37
Lordosis
sway or hollow back
38
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
39
Flexion
Mostly cervical, lumbar
40
Lateral flexion
Mostly cervical lumbar
41
Rotation
mostly cervical, thoracic
42
Meniges
Covering of the spinal cord
43
Dura mater
tough mother, outermost layer of the meniges
44
Arachnoid mater
filmy layer deep to dura mater
45
Pia mater
layer covering the spinal cord
46
Denticulate ligamentt
anchors spinal cord to dura materm found at midpoint between two spinal nerves
47
Filum terminale
thin piece of pia extending distally, termination of the spinal cord
48
Epidural
space between vertebral canal dura mater 1 of 3 spaces
49
Subdural
potential space, only seen pathologicaly= space between dura mater and arachnoid mater 2 of 3 spaces
50
Subarachnoid
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater Contains cerebrospinal fluid Lumbar cistern, enlargement of the subarachnoid space inferior to conus medullaris
51
Spinal nerves
``` 31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
52
Ther are two spinal cord enlargements
cervical and lumbar where there are more nerves for innervation for the limbs
53
How do cervical nerves course their vertebrae
Cervical nerves course superior to their vertebrae
54
How do non cervical nerves course their corresponding vertebrae
All other nerves course below/inferiorly their vertebrae starting with T1
55
What nerve will be compressed if there is a IV disc herniation between C4-C5
C5, cervical nerves course above their corresponding vertebrae
56
What nerve will be compressed if there is IV herination at T4-T5
T4, non cervical nerves course below their corresponding vertebrae
57
What nerve will be compressed if there is IV herniation at L4-L5
L5, although non cervical nerves course below their corresponding vertebrae L4 will not compress, the larger size of the lumbar body allows for the nerve to course above the L4-L5 IV disc. L5 will compress because L4 sneaks out by the body, leaving L to be compressed
58
Conus medullaris
As spinal nerves leave the spinal cord narrows to a cone shape. Located at L1L2 adults, L4L5 neonates. During growth the conus medullaris is pulled superiorly
59
Cauda equina
spinal nerve roots travel from the conus medullaris down to their intervertebral foramen exit. Appearance horse tail
60
Filum Terminale
Internum: Continuaton of pia materm from end of conus medullaris to end of dural sac at S2 Externum: (Coccygeal ligament) pia invests with dura mater from S2 to coccyx
61
Dural sac
Dura mater surronds the cauda equina, ending at S2 forming a sac
62
Lumbar puncture/Spinal tap
Location; enter into lumbar cistern through L4 +/- on level | Purpose to collect CSF to evaluate infections of the CNS e.g. meningtis
63
Spinal anesthesia
Anesthetic inserted in the place as the lumbar puncture, complete anesthesia below waist, risk of CSF leakage
64
Epidural anesthesia
Anesthetic agent inserted in the extra dural space either in the same position as the lumbar puncture or in the sacral hiatus
65
Venous drainage of the vertebral column
External and Internal Vertebral venous plexus, located around vertebrae and in vertebral canal. No Valves, potential path for cancer metastasis

Anatomy (8 decks)

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