Vertebral Column and Back

Question 1

Functions of vertebral column

Answer 1

posture, support head (C1 and C2), protect spinal cord, trunk movement

Question 2

trends of movement of vertebral column

Answer 2

greater A/P and M/L flexion/extension in cervical and lumbar regions

less movement in thoracic (due to ribs)

more rotation in thoracic region

Question 3

primary and secondary curvatures

Answer 3

1 - thoracic and sacral

2 - cervical (baby holding up head) and lumbar (baby walking)

Question 4

kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, osteoporosis

Answer 4

kyphosis = exaggerated thoracic curve (lead to osteoporosis)
lordosis = exaggerated lumbar curve (pregnancy)
scoliosis = bend of the column

Question 5

cauda equina

Answer 5

where spinal cord ends at L1, and filum terminale

Question 6

cervical vertebrae

Answer 6

transverse foramen (vertebral artery exits)

Question 7

C1 vertebrae

Answer 7

no body, articular facet articulates with skull

Question 8

C2 vertebrae

Answer 8

bifid spinous process

Question 9

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 9

articular facets and facets on transverse processes to articulate with ribs

Question 10

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 10

big and blocky - large spinous process

Question 11

spina bifida

Answer 11

fialure of arch and centrum to synostose

Question 12

joints of vertebral column

Answer 12

2 synovial joints (zygapophyses)
1 symphysis (vertebral body and int. disc)
atlanto occipital = "yes" F/E
atlantoaxial - "no" rotation

Question 13

components of intervertebral discs

Answer 13

nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus

Question 14

herniated disc

Answer 14

protrusion of NP through anulus fibrosus (L5/S1 due to angle - posterior thigh and leg pain)

Question 15

anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 15

hyperextension limit

Question 16

posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 16

hyperflexion limit

Question 17

alar ligament

Answer 17

prevents excess rotation

Question 18

extrinsic muscles insert/move _____ and are innervated by ____. intrinsic muscles insert/move _____ and are innervated by ______.

Answer 18

upper limb, ventral rami

trunk/head, dorsal rami

Question 19

superficial extrinsic muscles

Answer 19

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid

Question 20

intermediate extrinsic muscles

Answer 20

serratus (ribs), splenius

Question 21

deep extrinsic muscles

Answer 21

erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) and semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores