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Vertebrates > Vertebrate Beginnings (Chordates) > Flashcards

Vertebrate Beginnings (Chordates) Flashcards

1
Q

How many extant vertebrate species are there?

A

> 67 000

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2
Q

How are the vertebrates broken down my groups?

A

49% fish
11% amphibians

15% non avian reptiles
16% avian reptiles (birds)

8% mammals

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3
Q

Bilateral symmetry and segmentation become common in what period

A

Cambrian explosion

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4
Q

What happened during Cambrian explosion?

A

When most of the modern phyla appeared - including the phylum chordates

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5
Q

Major transformations of vertebrates

A

-inner support: notochord and then backbone
-jaws
-teeth and bone
-fin to limb
-water to land
-feathers and fur
-Endothermy
-return to water
-flight

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6
Q

Homologous

A

Traits that share common ancestry
-may have different functions

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7
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Characteristics or features similar due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry

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8
Q

Chordates and only a few groups of invertebrates are ______

A

Deuterostomes

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9
Q

Why are echinoderms puzzling

A

-are free moving yet radial
-evolved from bilateral ancestor
-larvae are still bilateral

Radial symmetry more for sessile than moving

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10
Q

All vertebrates are _____

A

Chordates

Chordata is a the phylum

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11
Q

Non vertebrate chordates include which two groups

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata

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12
Q

What 5 things make a chordate

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. Paired pharyngeal splits (gill slits)
  4. Endo style or thyroid gland
  5. Post-anal muscular tail for propulsion
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13
Q

Notochord

A

-flexible but semi-rigid rod to which muscles attach
-stiffens the body
-persists throughout life in amphioxus and jawless vertebrates
-present at embryonic stage in other chordates

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14
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Single, hollow nerve cord is dorsal to notochord and gut
-anterior end enlarged in vertebrates to form a brain

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15
Q

Notochord extends ______ to nerve cord in amphioxus

Nerve cord extends _____ to notochord in vertebrates

A

Anterior
Anterior

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16
Q

Paired pharyngeal slits (gill slits)

A

-gill slits related to filter-feeding in non-vertebrate chordates and respiration in vertebrates (fish)
-in amphioxus, gill slits open into atrium (not into water)

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17
Q

Endo style (thyroid gland)

A

-assists with feeding (non-vertebrate chordates)
-secretes mucous strands that trap food particles
-homologous to thyroid gland of vertebrates

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18
Q

After food is captured by Endo style, where is it moved?

A

Hepatic cecum where they are digested within cells

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19
Q

Why is the Endo style homologous to thyroid

A

Both bind iodine

Endo style of lamprey metamorphoses into thyroid gland of adult lampreys

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20
Q

Post anal muscular tail

A

Propels animal forward, at least during swimming portion of an animals life

(Humans don’t have one past development)

21
Q

Cephalochordata:
Genus Branchiostoma

Common names

A

Lancelets (amphioxus) “sharp ends”
-coastal marine species, worldwide

22
Q

Is amphioxus alive today?

A

Yes

23
Q

Branchiostoma (amphioxus) characteristics

A

-small (3-7cm)
-slender (diffusion through body)
-filter feeders, mostly buried in sediment
-sexes separate but no dimorphism (no size difference)
-26 pairs of gonads (testes or ovaries)

24
Q

Nutrient, water and gas exchange of amphioxus

A

Oral cirri= sensory devices and filter

Food and water enter mouth; cilia in mouth and pharynx drive movement

Water moves through gills to space (atrium) and exits the atriopore

Good trapped in Endo style (mucous gland) then digested in hepatic cecum and intestine, exits through anus

Gas exchange is done over body surface, not gills or blood

25
Q

Support and movement of amphioxus

A

-semi-rigid notochord combined with V-shaped myomeres (muscle segments)
-post anal tail
-dorsal hollow nerve cord

26
Q

Which group of the Cephalochordates is closer in relation to humans

A

Urochordates (tunicates) are more similar to vertebrates

27
Q

Urochordates (Tunicates)
-habitat

A

Adults of almost all species are sedentary in shallow areas

Sedentary adults have little resemblance to other chordates (no notochord or tail)

28
Q

What are the most well known Tunicates

A

Ascidians (sea squirts)

29
Q

Why are Tunicates called what they are?

A

Named for tunic or cellulose cover

When touched they squirt water out of siphon

30
Q

The larval or adult form of Tunicates have all 5 chordate parts?

A

Larvae

Adults only have pharyngeal slits and Endo style

31
Q

Larvae of Tunicates mobility

A

Free swimming

32
Q

What evidence suggests that our closest non-chordate relative is Urochordates (Tunicates)

A

Molecular data

Tunicates have some traits of vertebrates like the neural crest tissues

33
Q

What is the hypothesis of the common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates

A

Sessile adult form derived

34
Q

Although we are more closely related to the tunicates, the ancestral chordate probably resembled a _____

A

Cephalochordate (amphioxus)

35
Q

Characteristics of vertebrates

A

-expansion of brain and sensory system: nerve cord extends more anterior than notochord; and has a relatively large brain and better defined head; more sensory organs including paired eyes and ears

-expanded respiration with a muscular pharynx and external gill slits with gill arches

-heart and circulatory system

-dorsal fun (increased swimming ability)

36
Q

Lamprey larva: Ammocoete larva lifestyle

A

-sedentary filter feeder form for 3-7 years

37
Q

Vertebrate traits in Ammocoetes

A

-gill arch skeleton (branchial basket)
-muscular pharynx with external slits
(Draw water into mouth, gills pump it out)
-larger brain
-eye
-medial nostril
-auditory vesicle
-chambered heart
-nerve cord extended anterior to notochord
-dorsal fun
-heart

38
Q

Differences in non-vertebrate chordates (amphioxus) and early vertebrate chordates (ammocoetes; adult)

A

Non
-filter feeding using cilia
-gills function in feeding
-respiration through skin
-notochord (no vertebral elements)

Vert:
-muscular pharynx pumps food and water into mouth
-gills function primarily in respiration: water pumped through gills and external hill slits for O2 and CO2 exchange
-vertebral elements surrounding notochord, at least in embryo
-expanded brain and sensory structures

39
Q

Upgrades from non- vertebrate chordate to vertebrate chordate

A

Upgrade in structures (respiration, brain and sensory organs) to find and digest food

Upgrade support higher metabolic rate and increased activity

40
Q

Vertebral elements are made up of ______ in early vertebrates

A

Cartilage pieces called arcualia

(Present in lamprey)

41
Q

Myomere difference in non-vertebrate chordates and vertebrates

A

W shaped in vertebrates

V shaped in non-vertebrates

42
Q

Do non-vertebrate chordates have a heart

A

Not a true heart, blood moved by contracting regions of the vessels

43
Q

Which geological era contains vertebrate life?

When was it established?

What parts make up it?

A

Phanerozoic era
541 mya began

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

44
Q

Metazoans

A

Animal kingdom

45
Q

The vertebral column replaces the _______

A

Embryonic notochord

46
Q

Additional unique characteristics of vertebrates

A

-Cranium (skull)
-Head with complex sense organs
-Pituitary (hormones regulator)
-Mineralized tissues (calcium deposits in tissues (bones, cartilage, enamel)
-muscular contractions (peristalsis)
-closed circulatory system
-3-chambered heart
-find or limbs present

47
Q

3 subphyla of phylum chordata

A

Urochordata (Tubicata)
Cephalochordata (amphioxus/ lancelets)
Vertebrata (vertebrates)

48
Q

Unlike Urochordates, cephalochordates retain ______ throughout their life

A

All 5 diagnostic chordate chracterisitcs

Vertebrates (7 decks)

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