Vertebrate Biology Lab exam

Question 1

name the three types of mammal

Answer 1

monotremes - protheria
marsupials - metatheria
placental - eutheria

Question 2

define heterdont

Answer 2

more than 1 tooth morphoogy in one animal

Question 3

what is the human dental formula

Answer 3

2123/2123 (ICPM)

Question 4

what type of skull do mammals have

Answer 4

synapsid

Question 5

what are the three types of molar, describe what they look like and what order of animal has them

Answer 5

bunodont - rounded, primates
selenodont - cresent shape, atriodactyl
lophodont - eleongated perissodactyl

Question 6

hypsodont vs brachydont

Answer 6

hypsodont - high crowned, on odd toed ungulates (perisodactyl)

brachydont - low crowned on even toed ungulates, artiodactyl

Question 7

define molarisation

Answer 7

occurs in horses because of their diet of corase vegetation, pre molars become more simlar to molars

Question 8

how can you tell between a metatherian and a eutherian by teeth alone

Answer 8

metatherians have an inflected bony shaft at the back of their dentary

Question 9

decsribe the three foot postures

Answer 9

unguligrade: walks on hooves
digitigrade: walks on toes no heel contact
plantigrade: walks on the soles of its feet

Question 10

two adaptations for aboreal life in mammals

Answer 10

hooked claws

opposable thumb

Question 11

differentiate between bat and bird wings

Answer 11

bats - stretched skin, 5 fingers

birds - feathers, 3 fingers

Question 12

differntiate between bird and bat keels

Answer 12

bats - small to squeeze into nests uses its chest and its back to fly, whilst birds are much larger since they use only their chest to fly

Question 13

what is hyperphalangy

Answer 13

arms for paddles

Question 14

what are the adaptations for cetacena limbs, what extint organism are they convergent with in this respect

Answer 14

hyperphalangy -
vestigal (remnant) hind limbs

convergent with icthyosauraus

Question 15

what are the native NZ mammals

Answer 15

chirptera

cetaceans

Question 16

what is the unicate process?

Answer 16

a ridgid cage to protect internal organs when flying

Question 17

what is the purpose of the loss of fingers in the bird hand

Answer 17

increases ridigidity of the wing

creates more thurst

Question 18

what is the furcula

Answer 18

clavicle fusion - helps to protect internal organs

Question 19

compare zygo an aniso dactyl

Answer 19

zygodactyl - 2 back toes when perched

anisodactyl - 1 back toe when perched

Question 20

define pterylae and apteria

Answer 20

pterylae = symmetrical feather tracts 
apteria = sections of bare skin inbetween pterylae

Question 21

what is aspect ratio? what are the pros and cons to a large aspect ratio

Answer 21

length: width of a bird wing

a large aspect ratio allows fast flight but low manoeverabilty

Question 22

define altricial and precocial birth

Answer 22

altricial = baby born at an undeveloped stage 
precocial = baby born at developed stage

Question 23

what is a volant organism

Answer 23

one that flys

Question 24

what are the orders of amphibian

Answer 24

urodela - salamanders
anura -frogs and toads
gymnophiona - caecilians

Question 25

what is notency, what two notent charcteristics do axolotks show?

Answer 25

juvenile retention external gills dorsal fin

Question 26

why is notency adavantegous in axolotls

Answer 26

hostile terrestrial env around their water bodies few fish so underwater living isnt a risk water bodies are permanent

Question 27

what are the four native nz frogs

Answer 27

leiopelma archeyi - archeys frog " hochstetteri - hochstetters frog " hamiltoni - hamiltons frog " pakeka - Maud islands frog

Question 28

what are the three introduced species of frog in NZ

Answer 28

ranoidea aurea - green or gold bell frog " raniformis - southern bell frog litoria ewingii - brown whistling tree frog

Question 29

deferetiate between anura and urodela

Answer 29

anura has no tail and is short and inflexible

Question 30

give a pro and a con of having a juvelinle and aquatic stage in frogs

Answer 30

exploit resources it cant as an adult | energy used in between the stages to metamorphose

Question 31

how do you tell between a native and an introduced frog

Answer 31

introduced have tympanum and webbed feet

Question 32

what are the anatomical features of gymnophinoids

Answer 32

small eye covered in skin legless skin folds encircle body

Question 33

define oviparous and viviparous

Answer 33

oviparous - hatch eggs | viviparous - develop inside female

Question 34

what are the orders of reptile

Answer 34

squamata crocodilia testudinata

Question 35

what are the groups of squmata

Answer 35

sphenodontia - tuatara lacertilia - lizards amphisbaenia - worm lizards serpentes - snakes

Question 36

``` how do you tell between the following based on their skulls alone? tuatara turtles lizards snakes ```

Answer 36

turtles have an anapsid skull tuatara have a diapsid skull with two temporal bars lizards have the same but with one temporal bar snakes have a diapsid skull without temporal bars

Question 37

what groups of amphibians and reptiles have evolved leglessness

Answer 37

serpentes amphisbaenian gymnophiona

Question 38

what are the adaptations to a snake living under water?

Answer 38

valvular nostrils | flat paddle tail

Question 39

deifferntate between lizards and skinks

Answer 39

``` lizards - broad legs large head borad toes granual scales narrow neck ``` ``` skink thin legs small head thin toes smooth scales small eyes ```

Question 40

decsribe the venous system of the toad

Answer 40

2 atria 1 ventricle sinus venosus drains into the right atria has two anterior vena carvae , follow these to the arms split into jugular inominate and subcliavian veins prosterioir vena cava, two hepatic veins join from the intestines and stomach hind legs fermoral veins split into pelvic and external iliac vein. pelvic veins meet ventrally form the ventral abdominal iliac become the renal portal vein

Question 41

describe the arterial system of the frog

Answer 41

truncus arteriosus leaves the heart three aortic arches, leaving the heart carotids( head) sytemics and pulmoaries (lungs) at prosteriori there is the dorsal aorta near the verterbral column branches into two to give the iliac arteries for the legs from pulmoary artery a branch goes to the skin coeliacomesentric artery supplies the gut urinogenital arteries near vertebral column sytemitcs come togehter at the sub clavian

Question 42

describe the different fins on the fish

Answer 42

paired fins - pectoral (on the side) pelvic (below) ventral or anal fin is at the anus claudal fin at the back (the tail dorsal fin is on top

Question 43

pelvic fins are always ______ to the pectroal fins byut in primitive fish pelvic fins are at the ______ whilst on modern fish they are found at the _____

Answer 43

prosterior abdomen thorax (move forawd in modern fish_

Question 44

what is the purpose of the pyloric ceca in fish

Answer 44

secretes digestive enzymes, blind ending tubes, found between oesphoagus and stomach

Question 45

desccribe the fish heat

Answer 45

blood enters the sinus venosus pushed into the atrium then ventriccle out through the bulbous arteriosus

Question 46

a fish with more red muscle than white muscle will be

Answer 46

slower and smaller

Question 47

describe the terms culumus and rachis when refering to bird feathers

Answer 47

culumus is the hollow base that enters the ducts | the rest of the shaft is the rachis

Question 48

whats is the alula or bastard wing?

Answer 48

small group of feathers on the bend of the wing

Question 49

where do primaries attach to and what aout secondaries

Answer 49

primaries attach to the hand secondaries attach to the ulna

Question 50

what are covert feathers

Answer 50

overlap primaries and secondaries to streamline the bird

Question 51

describe the following feathers contour down filoplumes

Answer 51

contour feathers - streamline for flight - waterproofing down - shrot shaft and fluffy filoplumes - long shaft soft barbs at the tip

Question 52

describe the pectrolis major and supracoracoideus

Answer 52

pectrolis major - lowers wing - much larger in most birds supracoracoideus - raises wing much smaller and found underneath