Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VERTEBRATE EVOL > Vertebrate structure and development > Flashcards

Vertebrate structure and development Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

basic vert structure: features

A
  • larger than other chordates, need sys to deliver O2 and remove waste (via blood, diffusion insufficient)
  • metabolic rate much higher (need more food, switch predatory lifestyle)
  • better dev sensory system
  • superior locomotory abilities
  • complex feeding mechanisms (eg. muscular pharynx)
  • tougher integument and bones: for protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

basic vert structure: list key dev (15)

A
  • tripartite brain protected by cranium (close concert w complex sense organs)
  • lateral line present
  • electroreception
  • endostyle now in thyroid
  • less gill slits, hav gill tissue for respiration
  • gill arches support gill slits
  • pharynx muscularised
  • 3 chambered heart under neural control
  • closed circulatory sys
  • pancreas, liver, kidney present
  • body fluids more dilute than seawater
  • muscularised gut
  • digestion extracellular (enzymes to break down, byproducts absorbed)
  • caudal fin: fin rays
  • W shaped myomeres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

embryonic dev: ectoderm

A
  • outer layers of skin
  • ant/post lining of most parts of gut
  • parts of nervous sys (incl. sensory organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

embryonic dev: endoderm

A
  • mid lining of gut

- lining glands assoc w gut, respiratory surfaces, tastebuds, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

embryonic dev: mesoderm

A
  • mm, skeleton, ct.

- circulatory and urogenital sys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

embryonic dev: pharyngeal pouches for fish

A
  • grooves in btw =gills

- vert lining pouches become lymphatic sys (thymus, parathyroid glands, carotid bodies, tonsils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

embryonic dev: nn cord and neural crest

A

nn cord: folding/ pinching off ridge of ectoderm (encoded by notochord)

neural crest: arise next to nn cord, eventually migrate and diff into myriad cell types esp head region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

embryonic dev: neural crest forms

A
  • bones and mm in head
  • PNS
  • portions of brain
  • adrenal glands
  • pigment cells
  • gut secretory glands
  • aorta smooth mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mesoderm: ceolom

A
  • aka body cavity
  • mammals: pleural cavity (lungs), pericardial (heart), peritoneal (abdominal)
  • animals lack lungs + diaphragm (pleuroperitoneal)
  • mesoderm lining: peritoneum and pericardium
  • organs suspended in cavity by mesentery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mesoderm: divides into 4 parts

A
  • paraxial m
  • lateral plate m
  • midline m
  • intermediate m
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

paraxial mesoderm: list

A
  • dorsal
  • forms into head
  • also forms somites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

paraxial mesoderm: somites

A
  • extend from neck to tail, from paraxial

- diff into dermis/striated mm/bone (sclero/myo/dermatome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

paraxial mesoderm: epaxial

A
  • stay in place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

paraxial mesoderm: hypaxial

A
  • migrate ventrally

- mm of tetrapod limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lateral plate mesoderm: location

A
  • thin walled, unsegmented ventral section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lateral plate mesoderm: features

A
  • forms all non-segmented internal parts of body

- eg. mesenteries, vascular system, peritoneum, pericardium, reproductive sys, gut mm, cardiac mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intermediate mesoderm:

A
  • buds
  • aka nephrotomes
  • kidney and gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

midline mesoderm:

A
  • forms notochord

- prechordal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

list adult cell types: (5)

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • vascular
  • muscular
  • nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

connective tissue: list types (3)

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • keratin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

connective tissue: collagen and elastin + og

A
  • key component, in vert combines w elastin for stretchable tissue
  • mesoderm og
  • cont to tendons, ligs, bone matrix
  • major component of soft tissue in various organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

connective tissue: keratin + og

A
  • fibrous protein
  • ectoderm og
  • mainly in epidermis
  • hair, scales, feathers, claws, horny structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

integument: list layers (superficial to deep)

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

integument: features and function

A
  • outer layer of vert
  • skin and derivatives
  • scales, glands, armour, hair
  • protect and sensory functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
integument: epidermis- features
- boundary btw animal and env
26
integument: epidermis- og
ectoderm
27
integument: epidermis- contains
- many glands
28
integument: epidermis- function
- protection | - glands osmotic reg
29
integument: dermis- og
- mesoderm | - neural crest cells
30
integument: dermis- contains
- collagen (strength) - blood v - melanocytes (pigmentation) - sensory cells (temp, pressure, pain) - smooth mm
31
integument: dermis- function
- sensory | - strength
32
integument: hypodermis- og
- mesoderm
33
integument: hypodermis- contains
- collagen | - elastin
34
integument: hypodermis- function
- fat storage | - subcutaneous fat
35
mineralised tissue: hydroxyapatite features
- unique material to vert - Ca + phosphorus resistant to acid - 6 types comprised of collagen fibres, cells secrete proteinaceous tissue matrix, crystals of hydroxyapatite - laid in alternate directions for strength, relatively light
36
mineralised tissue: list types (6)
- mineralised cartilage - bone - enamel - dentine - anameloid - cementum
37
mineralised tissue: mineralised cartilage
- major component of shark skeleton | - made from chondrocytes
38
mineralised tissue: bone
- internal skeleton of bony fish and tetrapods | - osteocytes
39
mineralised tissue: enamel and dentine
- in teeth - dentine: odontoblasts - enamel: amyloblasts - >90% mineralised so preserves well in fossils
40
mineralised tissue: anameloid
- enamel-like substance in cartilaginous fish | - outer layer of teeth and dermal scales
41
mineralised tissue: cementum
- bone-like substance securing teeth to socket
42
bone: features
- highly mineralised but still vascularised to allow remodelling if fractures - old bone removed by osteoclasts, relaid by osteoblasts
43
bone: list types (2)
- dermal | - endochondral
44
bone: dermal and eg
- laid down on skin - no cartilage precursor - earliest type of bone to evolve - first seen in ostacoderms - tetrapods lack dermal bone, but skull dermal in og
45
bone: endochondral and eg
- bony fish and tetrapods, endoskeleton laid down in cartilage - gradually replaced by bone later in dev
46
SKM: axial skeleton
- essentially notochord, og backbone of chordates - adult tetrapods remnants in IVD - from pituitary gland to flesh tail
47
SKM: endodermal skeleton/ endoskeleton list full features
- structure to ensure gills kept open: gill arches - cranium: brain - dermal skeleton: armoured plating - axial skeleton: vert, ribs, fin supports - appendicular skeleton: limbs, limb girdles
48
skull: list 3 components
- chondrocranium - splanchnocranium - dermatocranium
49
skull: features and og- chondrocranium
- surrounds the brain - endochondral bone - neural crest og
50
skull: features and og- splanchnocranium
- supports gills - aka gill arches - endochondral bone - neural crest og
51
skull: features and og- dermatocranium
- forms skin as outer cover - dermal bone - mesoderm og
52
skull: ant gill arches
- recruited to form jaw structure
53
SKM: list type cranial striated mm (2)
- extrinsic eye mm | - branchiomeric mm
54
SKM: eye mm features
- 6 eye mm in all vert exc hagfish (2º loss) | - innervated by somatic motor nn
55
SKM: branchiomeric mm
- assoc w splanchnocranium - suck up water: feeding/ respiration - inn by cranial nn
56
SKM: axial mm
- myomeres dist over several body parts will cause undulate when contracted - this segmentation obv in fish mm (not tetrapods eg. abs) - provides propulsion
57
SKM: axial mm list sections (3)
- epaxial - hypaxial - horizontal septum
58
SKM: axial mm pelvic and pectoral mm use
- steering | - breaking
59
energy and metabolism: process of when food is eaten
- passes through digestive tract (peristalsis) - dissolved by digestive enzymes in liver and pancreas - waste out through cloaca: shared exit for reproductive/urinary/digestive sys
60
energy and metabolism: CVS features
- primitive vert: like amphibians relied on diffusion - need specialised gas exchange sys (lrg body size) - in water: 1º organ= gills, air= lungs - closed sys: veins, capillaries, aorta etc.
61
energy and metabolism: CVS blood function
- carries nutrients and oxygen to cells - removes waste and CO2 - circulates hormones to target tissues
62
energy and metabolism: CVS blood consists
- plasma - red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets
63
energy and metabolism: CVS heart list chambers and flow
- 3 chambered heart - sinus venosus - atrium - ventricle (fish VAS) - unidirectional controlled by valves
64
energy and metabolism: CVS amphibian heart
- R/L atrium - ventricle - no sinus venosus
65
energy and metabolism: CVS reptile heart
- R/L atrium - slightly divided ventricle - no sinus venosus
66
energy and metabolism: CVS bird/mammal heart
- R/L atrium - R/L ventricle - no sinus venosum
67
excretion: kidney main function and eg.
- remove waste products from blood - control osmotic regulation - amphibians/ fish: fils and skin play major role
68
excretion: vert embryo- list kidney sections (3) and which ceases function in adult vert
- pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros - pronephros stops function
69
excretion: opisthonephric kidney
- sharks, fish, amphibians | - adult kidney of meso, metanephros
70
reproduction: define
- state when gametes are produced, released, and fuse to form zygote
71
reproduction: og of gonads and gametes
gonads: mesoderm gametes: endoderm
72
reproduction: gonads features
- paired in jawed vert (not agnathans) typically lie post body wall - only mammals testicles external - produce hormones (testosterone, oestrogen)
73
reproduction: gametes features
- jawed vert: gametes travel to cloaca via special ducts (male: archinephric, female: oviduct)
74
reproduction: oviduct features
- adds various things to form egg - shell, yolk - can be enlarged to store eggs or uterus for young to dev - eggs may be retained in case of live-bearers or laid once fertilised
75
coordination: list dual NS
- somatic | - visceral
76
coordination: somatic NS and eg
- inn structures derived from somites - relays info to brain conscious - pain, heat
77
coordination: visceral NS and eg
- inn smooth and cardiac mm - relays sensory unconscious - CO2 lvl in blood
78
coordination: list spinal nn types (4)
- somatic sensory - somatic motor - visceral sensory (autonomic) - visceral motor
79
motor neurons: part of which NS
autonomic
80
autonomic NS comprised of:
- symp NS | - parasym NS
81
list nerves: (12)
- optic - olfactory - occulomotor - trochlear - trigeminal - abducens - facial - vestibulocochlear (auditory) - glossopharyngeal - vagus - accessory - hypoglossal
82
how many nn for ancestral vert and amniotes?
- ancestral vert 10 | - amniotes 12
83
which brain region likely a vert invention?
- telencephalon
84
ancestral vert: assoc- forebrain
- smell
85
ancestral vert: assoc- midbrain
- vision
86
ancestral vert: assoc- hindbrain
- balance | - vibration detection
87
forebrain: ant part features and name
- telencephalon - coordinates inputs from sensory modalities - birds/ mammals: enlarged into cerebrum
88
forebrain: cerebrum and eg
- neocortex - sensory integration and nervous control - sharks and hagfish independently evolved enlarged cerebrum
89
forebrain: post part features and name
- diencephalon - intermediary btw sensory and higher brain areas - pituitary and pineal glands attached
90
midbrain: features and name
- mesencephalon - develops with eyes, most vert: assoc with vision - mammals: function co-opted by forebrain
91
hindbrain: name parts (2)
- metencephalon | - myencephalon
92
midbrain: name parts of metencephalon
- comprised region called pons, | - outgrowth: cerebellum
93
midbrain: metencephalon features
- cerebellum (motor coordination) | - pons (relay station btw cortex and cerebellum)
94
midbrain: myelencephalon
- responsible basal functions such as respiration | - relay station for receptors from inner ear
95
sense organs derived from:
- epidermal placodes | - highly variable, derived features of all vert groups
96
name system part of and analysed where: smell
- somatic sensory sys | - analysed in forebrain
97
name system part of and analysed where: taste
- visceral sensory sys | - analysed in hindbrain
98
how vision in possible:
- sheet of receptors (retina) w rods and cones | - detect various wavelengths of light
99
how vibration detection is acheived:
- inner ear | - lateral line sys in fish
100
electroreception: features
- primitive vert trait - standard in fish, sharks - also well dev in monotremes (eg. echidna but possibly independently)
101
endocrine sys: function
- send info through body using hormones - hormones created by endo glands (pituitary, thyroid) or organs w other functions (gonads, kidneys) - control energy allocation
102
endocrine sys: amniotes features
- glands gathered together as major organs | - rest vert have small clusters dist around body
103
immune sys: features
- vert hav adaptive immunity, able to respond to all sorts novel pathogen threats - all animals have innate immune sys - lymphocytes hav flexible antigen recognition
104
immune sys: thymus gland sig
- jawed vert hav thymus gland producing lymphocytes | - agnathans don't have this organ
105
immune sys: adaptive list (3)
- antibodies, humoral immune response - cell-mediated immune response - memory response
106
immune sys: innate physical barriers list (5)
- skin, hair cilia - mucus membranes - mucus, chemical secretions - digestive enzymes in mouth - stomach acid
107
immune sys: innate internal defenses list (4)
- inflammatory response - complement proteins - phagocytic cells - natural killer cells (NK)

VERTEBRATE EVOL (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions