vertebrates

Question 1

What group are deuterostomes with most having an internal skeleton to which muscles are attached?

Answer 1

chordates

Question 2

Most chordates are ________, but not all.

Answer 2

vertebrates

Question 3

What are 4 characteristics of chordates

Answer 3

1. Notochord: cartilage-like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates at some point in their life; replaced by vertebrae in vertebrates
2. Dorsal tubular nerve chord: tubular hollow cord dorsal to notochord
3. Pharyngeal pouches: pockets that forms in lining of the pharynx
4. Postanal tail: Posterior elongation of body which extends beyond the anus

Question 4

What are the two groups of nonvertebrate chordates

Answer 4

1. Cephalochordates: Small, fishlike invertebrate
2. Urochordates: Group of aquatic invertebrates that consist of the tunicates (Sea squirts)

Question 5

What are 4 additional characteristics of vertebrates along with those of chordates?

Answer 5

1. Vertebral Column: spinal cord; consists of many vertebrae separated by intervertebral disks; replaces notochord
2. Skull: skeleton of head forming a bony or cartilaginous case that encloses & protects brain & chief sense organs
3. Endoskeleton: internal support structure of an animal composed of living tissue
4. Internal Organization: organization of organs & systems within the body

Question 6

What are any vertebrates with jaws?

Answer 6

gnathostomes

Question 7

what is a four-limbed vertebrate

Answer 7

tetrapod

Question 8

What are vertebrates that produce eggs surrounded by four membranes, one of which is the amnion?

Answer 8

amniotes

Question 9

What vertebrate group
-Largest group of vertebrae
-Ectotherms
-Jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes

Answer 9

the fishes

Question 10

What is an organism having a body temperature that varies according to the environment temperature?

Answer 10

ectotherm

Question 11

What fish vertebrate
-Ectotherms
-Smooth, nonscaly skin
-Cartilaginous skeleton
-Persistent notochord
1. Hagfish: marine scavengers
2. Lamprey: filter-feeders; parasitic

Answer 11

jawless fishes

Question 12

what fish vertebrate
1. Ectothermy
2. Gills: breathe with gills & have a single-looped closed circulatory system
3. Cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton: Verbal column, skull with jaws, paired pectoral & pelvic fins
4. Scales: skin covered by scales & therefore not exposed directly to environment

Answer 12

jawed fishes

Question 13

what fish vertebrate
-Cartilaginous skeleton
-Lack gill cover -> gill slits
-Dermal denticles—tiny teethlike scales
-Sharks, rays and skates

Answer 13

cartilaginous fishes

Question 14

what fish vertebrate
-Bony skeleton
-Covered gills
-Swim bladder: gas-filled sac into which they can secret or absorb gases, altering its pressure

Answer 14

bony fishes

Question 15

what vertebrate group
1. Limbs: skeleton well-developed to promote locomotion
2. Smooth and nonscaly skin: water balance, respiration, & temperature balance
3. Lungs: if present small; supplemented by cutaneous respiration
4. Double-loop Circulatory Pathway: three-chambered heart that pumps blood to lungs and body
5. Sense Organs: special senses
6. Ectothermy: body temperature that varies according to environment temperature
7. Aquatic Reproduction: Deposits eggs & sperm into water for external fertilization

Answer 15

amphibians

Question 16

what vertebrate group
1. Paired Limbs: two pairs of limbs
2. Skin: Thick, dry skin impermeable to water; prevents water-loss
3. Efficient Breathing: Lungs developed
4. Efficient Circulation: Three-chambered heart helps prevents mixing of blood
5. Efficient Excretion: Kidneys well-developed
6. Ectothermy: body temperature that varies according to environment temperature
7. Well-adapted Reproduction: Sexes separate, fertilization is internal to prevent drying out: amniotic egg

Answer 16

reptiles

Question 17

What is an amniote with no opening in skull behind the eye socket (turtles)?

Answer 17

anapsid

Question 18

What is an amniote with two openings in skull behind the eye socket (all other reptiles)?

Answer 18

diapsid

Question 19

What is an amniote with a single opening in skull behind the eye socket (mammals)?

Answer 19

synapsid

Question 20

What reptile vertebrate
1. Feathers: Modified reptilian scale with a complex structure
2. Modified skeleton
3. Modified respiration: lungs are connected to air sacs
4. Hard-shelled eggs
5. Endotherm: maintenance of constant body temperature is independent of their environment
6. Well-developed sense organs and nervous system

Answer 20

birds

Question 21

what vertebrate group
1. Hair: provides insulation against heat loss; ornamental and sensory functions
2. Endothermic
3. Mammary Glands: females to nurse (feed) their young without having to leave them to collect food
4. Skeleton accommodates larger brain relative to body size
5. Internal organs efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
6. Internal development: most mammals’ young are born alive after a period of development within uterus; shelter young while they develop

Answer 21

mammals

Question 22

what mammal vertebrate
-presence of a single urogenital opening (cloaca)
-Egg-laying mammals
-Nurse young
-Duckbill platypus and echidna

Answer 22

monotremes

Question 23

what mammal vertebrate
-Pouched mammals
-Unique reproductive system:
-Two true uterus
-Up to three vaginal canals
-Kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, wombats, opossums

Answer 23

marsupials

Question 24

what mammal vertebrate
-Dominate group of mammals on Earth
-Dependent on placenta
-Placenta: specialized organ for the exchange of substances between maternal blood and fetal blood

Answer 24

placental mammals