Vertebrates

Question 1

are of immense importance in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems from the Ordovician onwards.
They are commonly present as predators and scavengers, becoming almost ubiquitous in modern faunas.

Answer 1

Vertebrates

Question 2

the reinforced rod that runs down the animal’s back, is what makes it unique. In vertebrates, this often mineralizes to create a backbone that encircles a lengthy nerve sheaf.

Answer 2

chordate notochord

Question 3

In all skeletonized vertebrates the substance employed is calcium phosphate (CaP04), combined with an organic material used as a

Answer 3

template

Question 4

The first vertebrates are Cambrian in age and include conodont teeth and rare fish. A close ancestor of vertebrates is the Burgess Shale animal

Answer 4

Pilzaia

Question 5

Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals, and birds.

Question 6

The earliest vertebrates were ____, and all of them were marine

Answer 6

fish

Question 7

Most of these early fish lacked jaws.
Jaws evolved in the Silurian and this group, sometimes known as

Answer 7

gnathostomes

Question 8

Primitive gnathostomes

Answer 8

cartilaginous
bony fish

Question 9

several extinct groups fish

Answer 9

placoderms
acanthodians

Question 10

It allows them to extend their jaws beyond their resting position, significantly increasing their reach and ability to capture prey or manipulate objects.

Answer 10

Jaw Protrusion

Question 11

are tetrapods that lay eggs in water.
ancestral group to all of the other tetrapods, including reptiles, dinosaurs, and mammals, as well as birds.

Answer 11

AMPHIBIANS

Question 12

The most likely ancestors of amphibians, and all other tetrapods, are a group of extinct lobefin fish known as

Answer 12

rhipidistians

Question 13

Reptiles evolved from amphibians during the Carboniferous.
Their key innovation is the ability to lay eggs on land.
These amniotic eggs are a life support system for the embryo away from water

Answer 13

Amniotes

Question 14

One possible early amniote is ____________, a small tetrapod found in a Carboniferous volcanic lake deposit from the Midland Valley of Scotland.

Answer 14

Westlothiana

Question 15

The earliest well-known reptile is called ___________ and is found in the hollow tree stumps of a Carboniferous fossil forest in eastern Canada.

Answer 15

Hylonomus

Question 16

Carboniferous origin, this is the primitive group of reptiles; Never very abundant or diverse. Greatest diversity of form in the Permian, Greatest success after the evolution of the shell in the Triassic

Answer 16

Anapsids

Question 17

Carboniferous; Pelycosaurs in the early Permian, therapsids in the late Permian, True mammals in the Palaeocene

Answer 17

Synapsids

Question 18

Carboniferous; Archosaurs, marine and flying reptiles in the Triassic. Dinosaurs in the Jurassic. Birds in the Palaeocene

Answer 18

Diapsids

Question 19

from South Africa.
small, active insectivores of moderate size, with skulls typically around 5 cm long.

Answer 19

Permian Millerettids

Question 20

lived in moderate to high southern latitudes.
were omnivores or herbivores.

Answer 20

Late Permian and Triassic Procolophonids

Question 21

found in the northern hemisphere.
could reach 2-3m in length.
heavily build herbivores.

Answer 21

Late Permian Pareiasaurs

Question 22

The first radiation was of the group known as

Answer 22

pelycosaurs.

Question 23

the best-known pelycosaur.

Answer 23

Dimetrodon

Question 24

radiated widely in the late Permian; shorter and more squat than the pelycosaurs.

Answer 24

Therapsids

Question 25

common in the Triassic; include the species Thrinaxodon, which shows evidence of having had whiskers.

Answer 25

Cynodonts

Question 26

suckle their young in pouches; found in South America and Australasia.

Answer 26

Marsupials

Question 27

retain their young for longer inside the body; found in Asia, Europe, and N.A.

Answer 27

Placental mammals

Question 28

lay eggs; found only in Australasia

Answer 28

Monotremes

Question 29

humans, lemurs, monkeys, and apes, as well as our direct ancestors. Traced back to the late Cretaceous, radiated early Cenozoic.

Answer 29

Primates

Question 30

Around 6 million years ago grassland-dwelling apes were the

Answer 30

australopithecines.

Question 31

oldest well-preserved skeletons; dated 3.2 million years ago. evolved in two different ways: 1. towards heavily built vegetarians with small brains. 2. towards more lightly built omnivores who used simple tools

Answer 31

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 32

the more robust lineage - identified in Africa. - groups of these large vegetarians likely coexisted with our direct ancestors.

Answer 32

Paranthropus

Question 33

Australophithecus afarensis Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo neanderthatensis Homo sapiens

Question 34

group including dinosaurs, birds, marine reptiles, modern reptiles, and pterosaurs.

Answer 34

DIAPSIDS

Question 35

- successful group of diapsids. - may have been warm-blooded. - most archosaurs became extinct in the late Triassic

Answer 35

Archosaurs

Question 36

the first flying vertebrates. - ranged in size from a wingspan of a few centimeters to over 15 m. - they were predominantly gliders and soarers; - rarer species were adapted to other flying habits. - must have been warm-blooded. - coastal or marine predators. - became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.

Answer 36

Pterosaurs

Question 37

Age of the Dinosaurs Age of the Diapsids

Answer 37

Mesozoic

Question 38

all theropods were predators, including Tyrannosaurus rex. -appeared in the late Triassic and quickly evolved to alarge size, with species exceeding 9m in length by the early Jurassic.

Answer 38

Theropods

Question 39

bird-hipped dinosaurs; also evolved from therapods during the Jurassic. - they were all herbivores. - included armored forms such as Triceratops and the Stegosaurs, as well as the highly specialized Iguanodonts and duck-billed dinosaurs

Answer 39

Ornithischians

Question 40

evolved from theropods and shared with them the more primitive lizard-hipped pelvic pattern. - they were vegetarians - these are the group of dinosaurs that evolved to extremely large size, often over 20m in length and 50 tonnes in weight.

Answer 40

Sauropods

Question 41

The reason for the extinction of the major diapsid groups

Answer 41

A catastrophic meteorite impact, probably on the Yucatan region of Mexico. Igneous eruptions in India—responsible for significant climatic change.

Question 42

from theropods during the Jurassic. An intermediate step, the primitive bird Archaeopteryx, is known from late Jurassic rocks of southern Germany.

Answer 42

Birds

Question 43

are a group of large flightless birds that started to evolved early in the Cenozoic. They were once the top of predators of the early Cenozoic Their descendents today include ostriches and emus.

Answer 43

Ratites

Question 44

evolved in the Miocene. It may be that this was the time when birds evolved into a tree-dwelling habit and colonized dense woodland.

Answer 44

Perching song birds

Question 45

lightly armored, jawed fish characterized by fins supported by a frontal spine.

Answer 45

Acanthodian

Question 46

tool suite associated with Homo erectus

Answer 46

Acheulian

Question 47

- ray-finned, bony fish, including most modern fish.

Answer 47

Actinopterygian

Question 48

jawless fish.

Answer 48

Agnathan

Question 49

primitive reptiles represented by modern turtles and tortoises. There are no holes in the skull behind the eye.

Answer 49

Anapsid

Question 50

lower jaw bone in reptiles that articulates with the upper jaw, and an ear bone in mammals.

Answer 50

Articular

Question 51

- group of fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, represented by modern sharks and rays

Answer 51

Chondrichthyan

Question 52

- early group of carnivorous mammals, now extinct.

Answer 52

Creodontids

Question 53

mammal-like reptiles with many mammalian characteristics, including whiskers.

Answer 53

Cynodont

Question 54

lower jaw bone of mammals and one of the lower jaw bones of reptiles.

Answer 54

Dentary

Question 55

group including dinosaurs, birds, marine reptiles, modern reptiles, and pterosaurs, characterized by two skull apertures behind the eye

Answer 55

Diapsid

Question 56

jawed fish

Answer 56

Gnathostome

Question 57

group of species including Paranthropus, Austra-lopithecus, and Homo that includes our direct ancestors and no other living group

Answer 57

Hominid

Question 58

- large, dorsal, blade-like bone of the pelvis.

Answer 58

Ilium

Question 59

rear-facing bone of the pelvis.

Answer 59

Ischiurn

Question 60

mammal that broods live young in a pouch

Answer 60

Marsupial

Question 61

- large chewing muscle of mammals

Answer 61

Masseter

Question 62

mammal that lays eggs.

Answer 62

Monotreme

Question 63

tool suite associated with Neanderthal man

Answer 63

Mousterian

Question 64

tool suite associated with Homo habilis.

Answer 64

Oldowan

Question 65

bird-hipped dinosaurs.

Answer 65

Ornithischian

Question 66

bony fish.

Answer 66

Osteichthyan

Question 67

primitive group of mammal-like reptiles.

Answer 67

Pelycosaur

Question 68

mammal that has a long gestation period and gives birth to large, live young.

Answer 68

Placental

Question 69

heavily armored, jawed fish, common in the Devonian

Answer 69

Placoderm

Question 70

forward-facing pelvic bone characteristic of bird- hipped dinosaurs.

Answer 70

Prepubic process

Question 71

pelvic bone that faces forwards in lizard-hipped dinosaurs and backwards in bird-hipped dinosaurs.

Answer 71

Pubis

Question 72

upper jaw bone of reptiles that articulates with the lower jaw, and an ear bone in mammals.

Answer 72

Quadrate

Question 73

large, predatory flightless birds characteristic of the Palaeocene

Answer 73

Ratites

Question 74

extinct group of lobe-finned fish that was probably the ancestor of tetrapods.

Answer 74

Rhipidistian

Question 75

lobe-finned fish, including lungfish, coelocanths, and rhiphdistians

Answer 75

Sarcopterygian

Question 76

large herbivorous dinosaurs.

Answer 76

Sauropod

Question 77

division in mammalian skulls that allows the animal to eat and breath at the same time.

Answer 77

Secondary palate

Question 78

upper jaw bone that articulates with the lower jaw in mammals, but not in reptiles.

Answer 78

Squamosal

Question 79

group including modern mammals and mammal-like reptiles, characterized by a single skull aperture behind the eye. Therapsid - advanced group of mammal-like reptiles,

Answer 79

Synapsid

Question 80

advanced group of mammal-like reptiles, specialized for temperate and high latitudes.

Answer 80

Therapsid

Question 81

- carnivorous dinosaurs.

Answer 81

Theropod