Vertebrates Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
Vertebrates Include
A
Fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals
2
Q
Cyclostomata - Hagfishes: “Slime eels”
A
- lack eyes, jaws, fins, vertebra
- Cartilaginous skull + notochord
- scabengers
- blind, keen smell and touch
- live in burrows on bottom
- rasping tongue
- enormous quantities of slime
3
Q
Cyclostomata - lampreys
A
- marine and freshwater
- naked skin and dorsal fins
- notochord and rudimerntary vertebral column
parasites on fish
well-developed eyes - sucket-like oral disk
- rasp prey, suck body fluids; anticoagulant
3-17 yrs
4
Q
Gnathostomes - jawed vertebrates
A
- jaws allowed more efficient prey capture
- accompanied by development of 2 pairs of appendages
- hinged jaws developed from gill arches
- two pairs of gills arches were lost, others were modified
5
Q
Fish features
A
- gill breathing
- ectothermic
- aquatic vertebrates
- paired fins
- skin w/ scales
6
Q
Chondrichthyes - Cartilagenous Fish
A
Shark, Sting Ray, Chimaera
- Cartilagenous Skeleton
- movable, powerful jaws w/ teeth
- 5 to 7 gill slits
- well developed sense organs
- fusiform body
- heteroceral tail, pelvic and pectoral fins
- placoid scales
7
Q
Shark Features
A
- Heterocercal tail ( caudal fin)
- placoid scales
- teeth with dentin and enamel; replaceable
- 1st two rows active
8
Q
Sensory Systems
A
- ampullary organs of Lorenzini = bioelectric organs
- Lateral Line System : neuromasts; vibration and current
- 2/3 of brain dedicated to smell
9
Q
other features
A
- lack swim bladder; large liver with squalene
- blood Iso-osmotic: Urea, Trimethylamine oxide
- seperate sexes; internal fertilization; clasper
10
Q
Direct development
A
oviparous: lay eggs, also rays
ovoviparous: bear young alive, develop in ovarian cavity
viviparous: bear love young, placenta, also skates
11
Q
Osteichthyans
A
all vertebrates with a bony skeleton
- bony skeleton and scale-covered skin
- most species reproduce via external fertilization
- specialization of jaws and feeding mechanisms
12
Q
Actinopterygii
A
ray-finned fishes
13
Q
Sarcopterygii
A
lobe-finned fishes
14
Q
Fish tails
A
larger fish –> faster swimmer
Sickle shaped tail –> faster
swimming is energetically economical
15
Q
Fish anatomy
A
- respiration vis gills
- thin filaments, many folds = Lamellae
- covered and protected Operculum
- counter-current flow
- swim bladder
- pneumatic duct
- gas gland and reabsorption area
16
Q
Swim bladder
A
neutral buoyancy, present in most pelagic bony fish, absent in tuna & flounder
17
Q
Sarcopterygii - Lobe-Finner fishes
A
- includes tetrapods
- fins supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas and moved by muscles
18
Q
Tetrapods define
A
amphibians and amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
19
Q
Hypotheses of tetrapod evolution
A
lobe-finned fishes had an evolutionary advantage due to Movement Capability
20
Q
tetrapod adaptations and features
A
promoted by…
- supply of food on land
- absence of predators
- 4 legs, bony endoskeleton
- stronger respiratory and circulation systems
- better vision, hearing, balance, expanded brain
internal fertilization
21
Q
Amphibians
A
- 2,000 endangered species
- Quasiterrestrial, basically aquatic
- gills/Lungs: positive pressure
- lay eggs in water
- eggs with jelly-like membrane
22
Q
Salamanders and Newts
A
- tail, elongated body
- side to side swaying
- colorful skin patterns
- damp areas: under logs and leaves
ex. cave salamander, spotted salamander, eastern newt
23
Q
Frogs and Toads
A
- make up 90% of amphibians
- carnivorous adults, herbivorous tadpoles
- communicate using loud sounds
- skin can be used as camouflage and to release poisonous chemicals
ex. Reg eyed tree frog, american toad
24
Q
Amniotes
A
Tetrapods with a desiccation-resistant egg
- critical innovation was the development of a shelled egg
- amniotic egg broke tie to water
- shell is permeable to O2 and CO2
25
Amniotes: Reptiles shell
shell is soft and leathery
26
Amniotes: Birds shell
shell is hard and calcareous
27
Amniotes: most mammals
embryo embeds in uterine wall; live birth
28
Reptiles features
- tough, dry, scaly skin
- epidermal scales to water
- periodically shed
- dermis w/ chromatophores
29
Reptillian features
- copulatory organ and internal fertilization
- better jaws, muscles and teeth, kinetic skull (top/bottom hinged skull)
- more efficient circulation
- thoracic Breathing: neg. pressure: muscles expand the ribcage
- more advanced nervous system
- well developed sense
- Better body support, limbs w/toes
- water conserving kidneys: uric acid
30
Testudines
turtles, tortoise, Terrapins
- ancient group
dorsal carapace
- plastron
- sharp beak, no teeth
- long life-span
ex. spotted turtle, green sea turtle, galapagos tortoise
31
Squamata
Lizards and snakes
- vestigial girdles 9snakes)
- limbs in lizards
- Jacobs organ
- venom glands
ex. anaconda, rattlesnake, cobra, hawaiian gecko, coral snake
32
Crocodilia
Crocodiles and aligators
- 4 chamber heart
- 2 palate
- teeth in sockets
ex. Nile crocodile, American alligator
33
Aves
birds
- great uniformity of structure
feathers: modified scales keep birds warm and enable flight
Air sacs: efficient breathing
reduction of organs: single ovary, no urinary bladder or teeth
lightweight skeleton: thin, hollow, honeycombed
enlarged sternum: to anchor flight muscles
34
Feathers
- epidermal deviated, keratin
- modified scales: epithelial placodes (scales, feathers, hair)
- Molt 1x a year, replaceable
- feathers: soft, downy - maintain heat
contour: stiff, airfoil shape, generate lift
35
Aves skeleton
- bones with air cavities (pneumatized)
- wings
- legs for grasping
36
bird anatomy
- complex brain
- well developed eyes, acute vision, great hearing, vocalizations
- fast, efficient digestive system
- uric acid (no bladder)
- internal fertilization
37
Birds
- 9 air scas
- air across lungs in both inhalation and exhalation
- sensitive to airborne toxins
38
Preccocial young
- covered with down
- active young
- run and swim when dry
ex. quail, duck, geese, fowl, water birds
39
Altricial young
- naked and helpless
- nest for a week
- require care from parents
ex. perching birds, raptors, songbirds penguins
40
Mammals
milk producing amniotes
- most biologically differentiated group
- 2 palate 9breathing holding prey in mouth/chewing)
- hair for insulation
- enlarged skull
41
Mammalian features
- body covered with hair
- 2 types of hair: grows in cycles from follicles, shed and replaced
- 3 layers : keratin
- Fur coat:
underhair - dense, soft, insulation
guard hair - coarse, longterm protection, colouration
Bristles, spines, spiny armor
42
Horns 3 types
Trues horns: hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis around a core of bone from the skull; not shed or branched; grown continuously
Antlers: branched and composed of solid bone, covered by velvet, shed after breeding, next pair larger; only males
Rhinoceros horn: hair-like keratinized filaments from dermis matted together, cemented not attached to skull
43
Integumentary glands - sweat glands
tubular, coiled glands, temp. regulation over body surface
- eccrine: watery, hairless body areas
- apocrine: milky fluid, hair follicle, reproduction
44
Integumentary glands - scent glands
vary in location and function, mark territory, defense, warning, reproduction
45
Integumentary glands - Sebaceous Glands
with hair follicles, fatty sebum, protects hair and skin, over entire body
46
Integumentary glands - mammary glands
females, produce milk, rich is fat, sugar, protein, minerals, promotes rapid growth
47
Skulls and feeding - carnivore
- feed mainly on herbivores
- biting, piercing teeth, clawed limbs
- short GI tract: protein
48
Skulls and feeding - herbivores
- feed on grasses/vegetation
- long GI tract
49
Skulls and feeding - omnivore
- versatile dentition
- varied diet
50
skulls and feeding- insectivore or piscivore
feed on insects, teeth w/ pointed cusps and short GI tract
numerous similar teeth in both jaws, capture fish
51
Other mammalian features
- moveable eyelids, fleshy external ear
- 3 middle ear bones
- highly developed brain
- endothermic
- kidneys and ureters to bladder
- separate sexes, internal fertilization
52
Mammals - Prototheria
- egglaying mammals
- no pregnancy
- australia, new guinea
53
Mammals - metatheria
- mostly Australia
- pouched animals
primitive yolk sac
- short gestation
- tiny, blind, hairless young
- prolonged period of lactation and parental care
ex. duck-billed platypus, koala, possums
54
Eutheria
placental animals
- prolonged gestation
- embryo in uterus supplied w nutrients from placenta
- extended care from parents
- young mammals have inborn capacity to learn
