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VET 401 Basic Foundations > VET 406 Zootoxins > Flashcards

VET 406 Zootoxins Flashcards

1
Q

Venomous animals

A

-creature produces poison in secretory glands that can be delivered (ie sting or bite)

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2
Q

Poisonous animals

A

-creature has tissues that are toxic but no delivery system so has to be ingested in some sort of way

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3
Q

Hemotoxin

A

-injures blood
-hemolysis, thrombosis, thrombolysis
-ex crotalid snakes (pit vipers), viperid snakes

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4
Q

Neurotoxin

A

-affects nervous system primarily
-ex botulism, black widows, most scorpions, jellyfish, elapid snakes

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5
Q

cytotoxins

A

-toxic at the cellular level non-specifically or in certain cells
-ex brown recluse, blister beetles

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6
Q

Hymenoptera

A

bees, hornets, wasps
-widespread, greater numbers in mild climates

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7
Q

Hymenoptera (bees, hornets, wasps)

A

-disturbance of nest or swarm

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8
Q

Hymenoptera (bees, hornets, wasps) Toxins

A

-complex mix of enzymes and polypeptides (some common and some mixed between species)
-bees: melittin, apamin, phospholipase A, mast cell degranulation peptide, hyaluronidase
-wasp: mastroparan, bradykinin

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9
Q

Hymenoptera (bees, hornets, wasps) toxicity

A

-depends on ages and species of insect, location of bite, amount of venom injected, age and condition of victim
-20 stings/kg bw can be lethal (increases risk of shock)

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10
Q

Hymenoptera (bees, hornets, wasps) diagnosis

A

-localized pain, heat, swelling
-presence of venom sac and stinger (bees)
-lesions: usually localized, small puncture site, stinger, redness, swelling, heat and eosinophil accumulation persists for 24-48 hours

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11
Q

Hymenoptera (bees, hornets, wasps) treatment

A

To help with swelling:
-ice/cold compress
-antihistamine
-topical corticosteroids

-treat anaphylaxis, shock
-broad spectrum antibiotics
-no specific antidotes

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12
Q

Epicauta species

A

-blister beetles (~40 species)
-toxicosis more common in southeastern US
-found in gardens, crop, hay fields, manufactured/pelleted feeds

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13
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) exposure

A

-gets crimped into hay, alfalfa oftenly involved
-can be hard to find, if shake out over ground often can fall out

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14
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) toxicity

A

-horses are very susceptible
-beetles have different toxicity and can vary between species
-crystalline cantharidin toxicity: 1.0-1.5 mg/kg in dogs and cats, 0.5 mg/kg in horses

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15
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) toxin/mode of action

A

-cantharidin
-strongly irritating to mucous membranes (if rubbed on skin can get blisters)
-hypcalcemia from unknown mechanism
-can directly irritate mouth, causes epithelial cell damage
-GIT damage (anorexia, colic, diarrhea, mucoid bloody stools)
-urinary tract (dysuria, hematuria)
-respiratory/cardiac (tachypnea, tachycardia, slow CRT)
-can die in 48-96 hours

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16
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) post mortem analysis

A

-oral ulceration, vesication, desquamtion in GIT
-hyperemia and hemorrhages in urtethra and bladder
-histologically: damage to mucosa of GIT, urinary tract, and endothelium in vessels

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17
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) diagnosis

A

-look carefully for beetles in hay (dead beetles are still toxic)
-analysis for cantharidin in urine, GIT content, hay, pelleted feeds

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18
Q

Epicauta (blister beetle) treatment

A

-treat for shock, correct acidosis, hypocalcemia
-50% of affected horses die (guarded prognosis)

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19
Q

Arachnids

A

Spiders!

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20
Q

Lactrodectus mactans

A

southern black widow

21
Q

Black Widow exposure

A

-accidental encounter with nesting area

22
Q

Black widow toxin

A

-alpha-latrotoxin, a neurotoxin
-ionophore for Ca, Na, and K
-increases the permeability of ions and enhances neurotransmitter release
-degeneration of nerve terminals
-affects motor and sensory nerve terminals (results in paralysis
-a single bite can be lethal to a small animal

23
Q

Black widow diagnosis

A

-difficult bc bite site is very small, but observe it for swelling and redness
- symptoms are more severe in small animals compared to large
-dry bites happen so amount of venom received varies

24
Q

Black Widow treatment

A

-antivenin neutralizes toxin but needs to given immediately, once have symptoms does not help
-pain control
-muscle relaxants
-calcium gluconate
-treat shock

25
Q

Loxosceles spp.

A

-recluse spiders
-several species found throughout the US

26
Q

Brown recluse (loxosceles reclusa)

A

-has a fiddle like structure on the thorax

27
Q

Brown recluse (loxosceles reclusa) toxin/mode of action

A

-venom has several proteins: hyaluronidase, sphingomyelinase, proteases, hemolysins
-endothelial cell damage: coagulation, thrombus formation, tissue necrosis

28
Q

Brown recluse (loxosceles reclusa) toxicity and diagnosis

A

-as little as 5 micrograms can cause lesions
-diagnoses by a lesion consistent with a bite
-bite locus often has a bullseye appearance, and grows wide/deep

29
Q

Brown recluse (loxosceles reclusa) treatment

A

-if see where the bite is can excise the tissue
-wound care
-antibiotics (risk of infection with infection)
-dapsone may reduce inflammation
-no antivenin

30
Q

Crotalidae

A

-pit vipers: rattlesnakes, water moccasins, copper heads

31
Q

Elapidae

A

-coral snakes and cobras

32
Q

General characteristics of venomous snakes

A

-poikliotherm
-carnivorous
-posteriorly curved teeth
-difficulty seeing stationary objects
-detect movement via ground vibration

33
Q

Snake venoms

A

-snakes mainly bite when cornered
-venoms mainly have enzymes, but has other glycoproteins, lipids, and biogenic amines
-proteolytic enzymes: catalyze breakdown of tissue proteins and peptides
-esterases may mediate bradykinin releasing and bradykinin clotting activity
-thrombin like enzymes have procoagulant activities

34
Q

Pit vipers (crotalidae) characteristics

A
  • deep pit between eye and nostril
    -vertically elliptical pupils
    -fangs are hollow and retractable and located near the front of the maxilla
    -body has an arrow like shape
    -can be aggressive if disturbed
    -most common cause of envenomation in vet med
    -widespread throughout the US
    -can open the mouth very wide
    -often have a uniform diamond shapes on the back and a light color stripe the corner of the eye back behind the mouth
    -there are a lot of species of rattlesnake and copperheads
35
Q

Rattle snake bite stastitics

A

-dogs most often affected and more so when warm
-horses: most on muzzle
-cattle: most often on tongue and muzzle
-cats are more resistant on mg/kg basis but still dangerous because of small size, bites often on torso

36
Q

Rattlesnake bite exposures

A

-horses and livestock: generally when grazing
-dogs: often through aggressive or curious behavior

37
Q

Pit viper toxins

A

-multiple complex venoms
-collagenase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase, ribonuclease, polypeptides, procoagulants and anticoagulants

38
Q

Pit viper toxicity

A
  • varies on species of snake, size of snake (bigger= more venom= more dangerous), location of bite (closer to head is bad)
    -amount injected if critical variable, it is not unusual to have dry bites
    -dead snakes can bite by reflex
39
Q

Pit viper bite clinical signs

A

-pain
-rapid swelling
-ecchymotic to suffusive hemorrhages in area of bite
-salivation, hypernea, tachycardia, mydriasis
-secondary infections
-some like mojave rattle snake cause neurotoxicity

40
Q

Diagnosis of pit viper bites

A
  • observation of bite or bite wounds
41
Q

Pit viper treatment

A

-all rattle snake bites should be treated as emergencies because some signs can be delayed a few hours
-small animals: shock treatment, antivenom ASAP, transfusions if severe blood loss, antibiotics, pain meds, diphenhydramine
-large animals: establish and maintain airway, anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, anti-tetanus, antivenom has risk for serum sickness if equine origin

42
Q

Where are venomous lizards found and name

A

-in southwester US and Mexico
-Gila monster
-Mexican beaded lizard

43
Q

How do lizards deliver venom

A

-bite usually on the face
-hold on tight and chew

44
Q

Lizard envenomation signs

A

-vary painful at bite site
-localized swelling and inflammation
-hypotension and tachycardia
-vomiting

45
Q

Lizard envenomation treatment

A

-remove lizard
-monitor as inpatient: treat hypotension with fluids
-flush bite site, probe to remove fragments of lizard teeth

46
Q

Amphibians species and location

A

-Bufo marinus (cane toad)
-B. alvarius (Colorado River Toad)
-found in florida and hawaii
-toxins secreted on back and parotid gland: poisonous not venomous because no way to deliver toxin

47
Q

Amphibian toxin

A

-bufodienolides, indoleakylamines are cardiotoxic similar to oleandrin
-biogenic amines

48
Q

Amphibian toxin mechanism

A

-bufotalin inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase
-results in buildup of calcium inside cells
-results in vasoconstriction, hypotension, and hallucinations

49
Q

Amphibian toxicity

A

-a dog can die after a single exposure to Bufo marinus
-mortality can be high if not treated quickly

VET 401 Basic Foundations (2 decks)

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