VET. URINALYSIS

Question 1

Bladder expression

Answer 1

Animal stands in place in lateral recumbancy the bladder palpated

Question 2

Advantages of Bladder Expression (2)

Answer 2

1. Decrease trauma (if done correctly)
2. Sample can obtained when needed

Question 3

Disadvantages of Bladder Expression (4)

Answer 3

1. Excessive pressure can result trauma to patient
2. If bladder does not contain sufficient quantity of at the time, expression may not be successful.
3. Same amount of contamination seen with voided sample
4. Sample unsuitable for culture

Question 4

Toluene

Answer 4

Organic solvent use to preserve urine sample, suitable for preserving chemical profile of urine sample.

Question 5

Formalin (40%) prevents microbial growth

Answer 5

Reducing agent so it does interfere with chemical analysis of substances. Use this principle in enzymatic reactions

Question 6

Boric Acid (08.8%) inhibits bacterial growth

Answer 6

Appropriate preservative for sediment analysis with exception of pH chemical analysis as well.

Question 7

Commercial preservation tablet (inhibit microbes and control pH) Period up to 5days

Answer 7

Good preservation of urine sediment such leukocytes, erythrocytes, casts and crystals.

Question 8

Oliguria

Answer 8

Decrease amount of urine

Question 9

Polyuria

Answer 9

Increase amount of urine

Question 10

Anuria

Answer 10

No urine production

Question 11

Cystocentesis (Method for collecting sterile urine)

Answer 11

Appropriate for bacterial culture. Perform on quiet easily restrained animals. An ultrasound may use to visualize bladder and help guide needle.

Question 12

Advantages of Cystocentesis

Answer 12

1. Less risk of causing iatrogenic infections
2. No contamination of urine suitable for culture
3. Requires adequate volume of urine within bladder
4. Cause microscopic hematuria

Question 13

Disadvantages of Cystocentesis

Answer 13

Once inserted needle is never redirected as could cause potential damage to adjacent organ

Question 14

Catheterization Disadvantage

Answer 14

1. Can collect urine when bladder volume is low
2. Increase risk of iatrogenic infection
   /trauma
3. Difficult to perform on female animals

Question 15

Catheterization Advantages

Answer 15

Sample collected in sterile manner, suitable for culture

Question 16

Catheterization

Answer 16

Rubber inserted in urethra feeding up to bladder of patient to collect sample. Sterile syringe attached to end of catheter

Question 17

Glucosuria

Answer 17

Glucose in urine

Question 18

Bilirubinuria

Answer 18

Bilirubin in urine

Question 19

Ictotest tablets

Answer 19

use to test for presence of bilirubin in urine sample.

Question 20

bilirubin

Answer 20

Unstable in sunlight/ artificial light should tested immediately. Delaying test will result in false negative value.

Question 21

Three Ketones bodies produced

Answer 21

Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
B- hyroxybutyric acid

Question 22

Acetone

Answer 22

Less sensitive

Question 23

B- hydroxybutyric acid

Answer 23

Do not detect

Question 24

Chemical examinations

Answer 24

Use of reagent strips. Contain no of pads, each designed for specific urine constituents.

Question 25

Isothenuria

Answer 25

Specific gravity of urine equals to glomerular filtrate (1.008- 1.012)

Question 26

Hyposthenuria

Answer 26

Specific gravity of urine lower than glomerular filtrate (<1.008)

Question 27

Hypersthenuria

Answer 27

Specific gravity of urine greater than glomerular filtrate (dogs >1.030; cat >1.035)

Question 28

Protein

Answer 28

Proteinuria- presence in urine Reagent strip not specific for any particular protein Primarily detect albumin, less sensitive for globulin and muco protein

Question 29

Specific gravity

Answer 29

Determined by assessing density of liquid (urine) compared with density of distilled water. Measuring required use of refractometer.

Question 30

Fruity scent of urine

Answer 30

Increase ketones, may also notice in patients breath where in state of ketosis

Question 31

Putrid

Answer 31

Foul smell associated with degradation of proteins. Occurs in infection for further testing.

Question 32

Myoglubunuria

Answer 32

Blood in urine

Question 33

Free hemoglobin

Answer 33

Hemoglobunuria

Question 34

Hematuria

Answer 34

Intact RBC

Question 35

Urobilinogen

Answer 35

Light sensitive, precaution for Bilirubin should taken.