Veterinary Medicine - Infectious diseases Pt.2 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Borrelia Persica - Name of the disease
A
Relapsing fever
2
Q
Relapsing fever - Disease in dogs/cats?
A
Both
3
Q
Relapsing fever - What type of bacteria is it?
A
Spirochete
4
Q
Relapsing fever - Vector
A
Soft-tick - Ornithodoros tholozani
5
Q
Relapsing fever - Clinical signs (3), CBC findings
A
Fever (In dogs, not in cats)
Anorexia
Lethargy
Anemia, Thrombocytopenia
6
Q
Relapsing fever - Difference in clinical signs between cats and dogs
A
Dogs have fever. Cats don’t
7
Q
Borrelia Vs. Leptospira - Which one can be identified in blood smears
A
Borrelia
8
Q
Relapsing fever - Prognosis
A
Good (80% survival) - Responds well to antibiotics
9
Q
Relapsing fever - What concurrent infection is common in dogs? (In some countries)
A
Babesia Negevi
10
Q
Parvo - How do you get rid of the virus from the environment\surfaces?
A
Chlorine
Glutaraldehyde
Formalin
11
Q
Parvo - Remains for a very short/long time in the environment? Why?
A
Very long time
Virus lacks an envelope
12
Q
Parvo - In what tissues does the virus proliferates?
A
Bone marrow (WBC)
GI epithelium
13
Q
Parvo - Modes of transmission
A
Oro-fecal
Intrauterine
14
Q
Parvo - What is another pathology exhibited in puppies younger then 4 weeks old?
A
Myocarditis
Heart failure and sudden death (Due to a different CPV strain then the one causing GI disease)
15
Q
Parvo - In what specific anatomical location in the GI Mucosa does the virus proliferate?
A
Crypts
16
Q
Parvo - Pathogenesis
A
Viral material is ingested and enters the blood stream through the Peyer’s patches and the lymphatic tissue in the mouth:
1) Oropharyngeal LN
2) GI Mesenteric LN. => Viremia => Bone marrow, Thymus, Lymph nodes (Destruction of lymphocytes and neutrophils)
2 Options from there:
1) Proliferation in the GI mucosa (Severe gastroenteritis - common) with risk of secondary bacterial translocation from the gut to the bloodstream - Sepsis
Proliferation in cardiomyocytes (Sudden death - rare)
17
Q
Parvo - How long does it take for clinical signs to manifest post-infection? When does the dog begin to secrete to virus?
A
Clinical signs begin 4 days post infection
Secretion of the virus - 3 days post infection
In other words - viral particle shedding begins BEFORE clinical signs!
18
Q
Parvo - Factors influencing severity of disease (4)
A
Age (Young»_space;> Adult)
Vaccination status
Concurrent GI infection (Opportunistic bacteria, Worms)
Sensitive dog breeds (Rottweiler, Pincher)
19
Q
Parvo - Clinical signs
A
Lethargy
Anorexia
Fever
Vomiting (+- hematemesis)
Diarrhea (+- Melena \ Hematochezia)
Abdominal pain
Distended bowel loops
20
Q
Parvo - Possible lab findings
A
CBC:
Leukopenia - Lymphopenia, Neutropenia
*Rebound (Recovery stage) - Leukocytosis - Monocytosis, Neutrophilia.
Panel:
Hypochloridemia, Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia (Diarrhea, Vomiting)
Hypoglycemia (Sepsis)
Hypoglobulinemia
Hypoalbuminemia
21
Q
Parvo - Bone marrow cytology findings
A
Degeneration and toxicity in myeloid cells and megakaryocytes
22
Q
Parvo - Radiological finding
A
Ileus and GI filled with gas
23
Q
Parvo - US Findings
A
Free peritoneal fluid
GI Thickening, Ileus and distension
Mesenteric LN enlargement
24
Q
Parvo - Diagnosis
A
PCR (Blood Feces)
Antigen-kit (Feces)
25
Parvo - Diagnosis - What's the problem with PCR used on feces?
False positive
Vaccinated in the weeks prior infection
26
Parvo - Diagnosis - What's the problem with the antigen-kit used on feces?
False negative: Viral particles may associate with antibodies and not be detected, or the virus isn't secreted at the time of sampling).
False positive: Vaccinated in the weeks prior to infection
27
Parvo - Treatment
-Intensive fluid therapy (Preferably through a central catheter)
-Correct electrolytes (Mainly potassium), Hypoglycemia
-Colloids if severely hypoproteinemic
-GI support: Anti-emetics (Multiple if necessary), Pro-motiles, GI protectants. -Apatite stimulant (Only after vomiting and severe nausea has subsided
-Analgesia
-Antibiotics for 2nd infections (Combination of Beta-lactam + Aminoglycoside when dehydration is corrected - considered treatment of choice)
-De-worming
-Keep warm & clean
28
Parvo - Possible complication (3)
Sepsis, Intussusception, Peripheral edema / Ascites / Pleural effusion (Hypoalbuminemia)
29
Parvo - Monitoring - 3 Parameters
CBC, Creatinine, Electrolytes
30
Parvo - Prevention
Puppy vaccination
Bitch vaccination (before conception)
Isolate sick from healthy
Clean surfaces
31
Parvo - Vaccination regiment
First shot - 6 weeks
2 More shots every 2-4 weeks
Booster - 6-12 months of age
Booster every 3 years
32
Feline Panleukopenia - How to get rid of viral particle on surfaces?
Chloride
Glutaraldehyde
Formalin
33
Feline Panleukopenia / Parvovirus - Through what receptor do the viruses invade the cells?
Transferrin receptor
34
Feline Panleukopenia - Where does the Virus replicate?
Villi crypts in the small intestine
Lymphocytes
Bone marrow progenitor cells
35
Feline Panleukopenia - Modes of transmission
Oro-fecal
Intra-uterine
36
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the result of infection in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Embryonic death & absorption
37
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the pathology associated with infection in the second trimester of pregnancy and onward towards neonatality?
Cerebellar hypoplasia - "Feline ataxia syndrome"
38
Feline Panleukopenia - What cells in the cerebellum are affected in cerebellar hypoplasia?
Purkinje and granular cells
39
Feline Panleukopenia - What is the result of infection in cats beyond their neonatality?
Replication in the GI epithelium - Enteritis
Replication in lymphatic tissues Bone marrow - Panleukopenia
40
Feline Panleukopenia - Incubation period
As early as 2 days
41
Feline Panleukopenia - Clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Anorexia
Vomiting
Hypersalivation
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Distended bowel loops
42
Feline Ataxia Syndrome - Caused by which pathogen? When did the infection occur? Clinical signs?
Feline Panleukopenia virus
2nd trimester to neonatality
Hypermetria, Intention tremor, Ataxia
43
Feline Panleukopenia - Diagnosis
CBC - Leukopenia - Neutropenia
Antigen-kit (Feces)
PCR (Feces)
44
Feline Panleukopenia - Prevention? Regiment?
Vaccine
First Shot - 6-8 weeks
2 Booster shots every 2-4 weeks
Another shot at 6-12 months
Shot every 3 years
45
Feline Panleukopenia - Vaccination of pregnant cats is totally safe (T/F)
False
It's a live attenuated virus that can still cause Abortion\Cerebellar hypoplasia
46
Feline Panleukopenia - Treatment
-Intensive fluid therapy (Preferably through a central catheter)
-Correct electrolytes (Mainly potassium), Hypoglycemia
-Colloids if severely hypoproteinemic
-GI support: Anti-emetics (Multiple if necessary), Pro-motiles, GI protectants. -Apatite stimulant (Only after vomiting and severe nausea has subsided
-Analgesia
-Antibiotics for 2nd infections (Combination of Beta-lactam + Aminoglycoside when dehydration is corrected - considered treatment of choice)
-De-worming
-Keep warm & clean
47
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Name the Pathogen
Canine Adenovirus - 1
48
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Mode of transmission
Oronasal coming in contact with urine, feces, saliva
49
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Signalment
Dogs <1 year of age
50
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Main systems affected
Liver
Kidney
Eyes
51
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Acute disease
Fever
Lethargy
Anorexia
Hematemesis
Diarrhea
Lymphadenopathy
Uveitis \ Corneal edema (Blue Eye) \ Glaucoma
52
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Sub-clinical
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
53
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Clinical signs - Chronic disease)
CNS signs due to hepatic encephalopathy
Ascites
Weight Loss
54
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Complications? Caused by what mechanism?
Glomerulonephritis
Uveitis\Glaucoma
DIC
Immune-mediated complexes
55
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Lab findings
CBC:
Panleukopenia - Lymphopenia + Neutropenia
AST, ALT, ALP elevation
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hypoglycemia
Proteinuria, Bilirubinuria
Coagulation abnormalities
56
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Prevention
Vaccine - against CAV-2
57
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Diagnosis
Serology (Seroconversion)
PCR
Liver biopsy (Post-mortem)
58
Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Treatment
Supportive treatment:
Fluids
GI supportive treatment
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Treat DIC (Plasma/Whole blood)
Treat uveitis (i.e. Atropine, Local GC/NSAIDs)
59
Corona virus in cats - Name the 2 pathogens originating from the virus
Feline Enteric Corona Virus (FECV)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
60
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Internal mutation hypothesis - Explain
FIP is originally FECV that undergoes mutation internally in individual cats - happens in <5% of FECV-infected cats. While FECV is infectious and is transmitted via an oro-fecal route - FIP is not considered infectious
61
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - What strain is infectious - FECV / FIP
FECV
62
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Pathogenesis
Exposure to viral material - (Oro-nasal exposure) => Replication in tonsils and Small intestine => FECV => Gastroenteritis and mild diarrhea.
At a later stage FECV mutates to FIP:
Option A: Strong immune system destroys the virus => Healthy +\- carrier state
Option B: Moderate immune reaction => Dry form (chronic disease): Infiltration of macrophages/monocytes => Formation of granulomas => Clinical signs vary and depend on the affected organs => Death
Option C: Weak immune reaction => Wet form (acute disease): Infiltration of macrophages/monocytes => Ascites/Pleural effusion => Death
63
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Signalment
Young cats in multi-cat households - Incidence begins to rise after weaning and reaches peak at 6-18 months. Second peak: >10 years old
64
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Mortality increases\decreases with age
Decreases. But another peak after the age of 10
65
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Risk factors for infection
Multi-household cats
Stress
Weaning
Co-Infections (e.g. FeLV)
66
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Wet form - Clinical signs
Fever
Anorexia\Normal\Increased appetite
Weight loss
Pale mucus membranes \ Cyanosis
Icterus
Dyspnea, Tachypnea
Pleural\Abdominal\Pericardial effusion
Uveitis
67
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Dry form - Clinical signs
Varies - Depends on where the granulomas are formed (Kidney \ Liver \ Eye \ CNS \ GI \ Peritoneum)
68
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Properties of the typical effusion collected in the wet form
Non-septic exudate
Protein-rich (>3.5 g\dL) with low cellularity
Yellowish-color with fibrin
Cytology - Predominantly activated macrophages and non-degenerate neutrophils.
69
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - What's the name of the test performed on fluids to test if its rich in fibrin? Other DDs if positive results
Rivalta
Septic peritonitis
Lymphoma
70
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Lab findings (Including CSF)
Leukocytosis: Neutrophilia + Lymphopenia
Mild non-regenerative anemia
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hyperglobulinemia
Hypoalbuminemia
CSF - Protein rich, Pleocytosis predominantly neutrophils
71
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Serological tests are a viable option for diagnosis. Explain
No! Can't differentiate between FIP and FECV based on serology. FIP diagnosis based on serology = Malpractice! Mainly assists in ruling out the disease.
72
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - PCR is a viable option for diagnosis. Explain
While PCR has increased likelihood for diagnosis (Better specificity than serology), FIP can have a variety of mutations that won't be detected by PCR. One current diagnostic method is to send a sample of abdominal effusion for PCR that checks for a few of the most common mutations (by IDEXX).
73
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Diagnosis - Gold standard
Histopathology \ Immunohistochemistry
PM - Fibrin deposition + granulomas on omentum and serosal surfaces in both wet & dry forms
74
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Prognosis
Without specific treatment - Grave
Wet form - 8 Days MST from diagnosis
In recent years - new treatments have improved prognosis significantly
75
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Treatment
Supportive:
Fluids
Anti-emetics
Appetite stimulant
Drain abdominal effusion - only if fluid accumulation is contributing to dyspnea - and only drain about 30% - to avoid worsening of hypoalbuminemia, Hypokalemia
Oxygen (in case of dyspnea)
*Several FIP-specific treatments have emerged in past years (e.g. GS-441, Remdesivir) that have shown remarkable results with complete recovery from what was once a fatal disease - including FIP with CNS involvement.
76
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Prevention
Reduce crowding & and keep hygiene
77
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Prevention - No vaccine available (T/F)
True
78
Spirocercosis - Pathogenesis
Host beetle\Paratenic host is swallowed => Dissolves in the stomach => Worm migrates through gastric and coeliac artery walls => Travels through the walls of the descending thoracic aorta => Migrates to the esophageal wall and creates granulomas through which it lays its eggs.
79
Spirocercosis - Time from infection to egg shedding
6 Months
80
Spirocercosis - What season has the highest incidence? Why?
Winter months
Host beetles are common in the summer and life-cycle completion from ingestion of an infected beetle takes 6 months.
81
Spirocercosis - X-ray findings and Pathologies associated with S.Lupi infection
Chest X-rays:
-Spondylitis (T6-T12)
-Aortic mineralization
-Soft tissue opacity in the caudo-dorsal mediastinum
Aortic dissection and rupture
CNS Lesions - Classically hemiparesis/plegia.
Aortic thromboembolism (Saddle thromboembolism)
Pyothorax (esophageal rupture)
Hypertrophic osteopathy
Sialoadenosis
Neoplastic transformation (Fibrosarcoma / Osteosarcoma)
82
Spirocercosis - Clinical signs
Regurgitation
Ptyalism
Sialoadenosis
Weight loss
Hypertrophic osteopathy
Dyspnea, Tachypnea, Cough (Aspiration pneumonia, Pulmonary metastasis)
CNS signs - classically hemiparesis\plegia (Aberrant migration)
Sudden death (Aortic rupture)
83
Spirocercosis - Diagnosis
Chest X-rays
Fecal floatation
Endoscopy
84
Spirocercosis - Treatment
Ivermectin \ Doramectin \ Milbemycin (Good for MDR1 Positive) \ Advocate
Treat regurgitations:
Feed from a high place (can use a Baileys chair) with high frequency + low quantity meals.
Metoclopramide + PPI when esophagitis is evident
Gastric tube is also an option
85
Canine Distemper Virus - Modes of transmission
Aerosol (Main)
Saliva
Urine
Feces
Conjunctival and nasal secretion
86
Canine Distemper Virus - When are dogs most susceptible and why?
3-6 months old
When passive protection wears off
87
Canine Distemper Virus - In what tissues does the virus tend to persist?
Eyes
Neurons
Foot pads
88
Canine Distemper Virus - Elaborate on the neurological syndromes caused by the virus
Acute encephalomyelitis - Direct damage to neurons and myelin
Chronic encephalomyelitis - Immune mediated damage to neurons and myelin
Chronic progressive encephalomyelitis - CNS Disease where the virus is not completely removed from the CNS
Old dog encephalitis - Appears years after the acute portion of the disease
89
Canine Distemper Virus - Clinical Signs
Fever
Anorexia, Lethargy
Vomiting, Diarrhea
Cough, Dyspnea
Serous to purulent secretions from nose and eyes
Hyperkeratosis of nasal planum and foot pads
Enamel hypoplasia
Abdominal pustules
Eye - Acute blindness (Optic neuritis), Conjunctivitis, Uveitis, KCS
CNS diseases - Rhythmic myoclonus (Pathognomonic), Signs of central multi-focal disease
90
Canine Distemper Virus - Possible ocular findings
Conjunctivitis
Uveitis
KCS
Hyperreflective Retina (Scarring)
Optic neuritis
Blindness
91
Canine Distemper Virus - Respiratory Tract Findings
Serous-mucopurulent discharge
Cough
Pneumonia
92
Canine Distemper Virus - Miscellaneous findings (3 Classical distemper-associated findings)
Enamel hypoplasia
Hyperkeratosis of nasal planum and foot pads
Rhythmic myoclonus
93
Canine Distemper Virus - CNS disease in adult dogs is usually preceded by a systemic disease right before it (True/False)
False
Usually suffered from systemic disease as a young dog. Can remain non-clinical for months-years before developing CNS signs
94
Canine Distemper Virus - CBC finding
Lymphopenia
95
Canine Distemper Virus - Blood smear findings
Inclusion bodies can be found in RBCs, WBCs and platelets
96
Canine Distemper Virus - CSF findings
Increase in Protein (>25 g\dL)
High cell count (lymphocytes Mainly)
97
Canine Distemper Virus - Diagnosis
History and clinical signs - Signs of GI, Respiratory, CNS, and more specific signs such as rhythmic myoclonus, Enamel hypoplasia, Hyperkeratosis
Visualization of inclusion bodies (e.g. Blood smear, Conjunctival swab)
Serology - preferably on CSF - compare to blood - Antibody titer should be higher than blood titer
Quantitative RT-PCR on various samples (e.g. Conjunctiva, Nasal secretions, Blood, Urine)
IFA or FISH on Biopsy samples (Can be used on samples from foot pads)
Post-mortem
98
Canine Distemper Virus - Diagnosis - CSF - Possible reasons for false positive in serological testing (Blood\CSF)
False positive on blood samples:
Dogs can have antibodies in the blood due to previous exposure and not necessarily due to disease
False positive on CSF samples:
-Contamination of CSF samples with blood during sampling
-Blood-brain barrier breached due to systemic inflammation
99
Canine Distemper Virus - Treatment
Supportive
100
Canine Distemper Virus - Prevention and regiment
Vaccination (Modified-live)
6-8 Weeks - first shot
2 more shots 2-4 Weeks apart
Booster 6-12 months
Shot every 3 Years
101
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - Clinical signs
Muco-purulent discharge from nose
Coughing \ retching
Fever
Anorexia (Occasionally)
102
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - How long until clinical signs resolve
1-3 Weeks
103
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - Causative agents
Bordetella Bronchiseptica (Mainly)
Other possible pathogens:
CAV-2
Para-influenza
Influenza
Herpes
Mycoplasma
104
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - How long do dogs remain infective/contagious
2-3 Months
105
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - B.Bronchiseptica - Pathogenesis
The Bacteria attaches to the cilia and inhibits the muco-ciliary apparatus - causing local inflammation and increased mucus production
106
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - Once the dog recovers - the dog is immune for life (T/F)
False
Only for 1 year
107
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - Diagnosis
History (Vaccination status, Staying in highly populated habitats such as kennels, Exposure to sick dogs)
Clinical signs
108
Infectious Tracheobronchitis (""Kennel Cough"") - Treatment
Option 1: Do nothing - Disease usually self-limiting
Option 2: Doxycycline (or Azithromycin), Anti-tussives, Anti-pyretics, Appetite stimulant
109
Infectious Tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough") - Prevention
Remove from densely-populated areas
Separate from sick dogs
Vaccines:
1) Bordetella - Intranasal IgA (One dose) \ Parenteral (2 shots 14 days apart)
2) Vaccinations against CAV, PI.
110
Feline Respiratory Disease Complex - Name the main pathogens
Herpesvirus
Calicivirus
Chlamydia
Less commonly: Bordetella Bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma
111
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) - Modes of transmission
Oronasal
Conjunctival secretions
112
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) - Clinical signs
Anorexia, Lethargy
Fever
Sneezing
Nasal and ocular secretions (Serous to mucopurulent)
Conjunctival hyperemia (Conjunctivitis)
Keratitis, Corneal ulcers, Sequestrum formation
Ulcers in the oral cavity (Stomatitis)
113
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) - Severe diseases in young/old cats
Young
Acute death in kittens
114
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) - How does it cause death in young kittens
Dehydration
Secondary bacterial infection
115
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) - Only CBC Finding
Neutrophilia
116
Feline Herpes Virus (FHV)) - How many remain latent carriers? of them, how many secrete the virus?
80% - latent carriers
50% of them intermittently secrete the virus
117
Feline Calicivirus - Modes of transmission
Oronasal secretions
Conjunctival secretions
118
Feline Calicivirus - Clinical signs
Anorexia, Lethargy
Fever
Sneezing
Nasal and ocular secretions (Serous to mucopurulent)
Conjunctival hyperemia (Conjunctivitis)
Ulcers in the oral cavity (Stomatitis)
Lingual ulcer (highly characteristic of Calicivirus)
Virulent strains: Icterus, Pneumonia (Tachypnea, Dyspnea), Lameness (Polyarthritis), Edema and ulceration of face and feet)
119
Feline Calicivirus - What is the clinical sign most associated with Calicivirus infection?
Lingual ulcers
120
Feline Calicivirus \ FHV - What is the difference in "Carrier State" between the 2 viruses?
FHV - Most remain carriers for life and intermittently secrete the virus for a few weeks at a time.
Calicivirus - Cats are only temporarily carriers after recovery from acute disease and eventually overcome the virus and is completely removed. They remain contagious for 2-3 weeks minimum.
121
Feline Calicivirus - Virulent systemic disease (VSD) - Clinical signs
Sub-cutaneous edema in the legs and face
Ulceration in legs and face
Dyspnea, Tachypnea (Pneumonia)
Lameness (Polyarthritis)
Icterus
122
Feline Calicivirus / FHV - Diagnosis
Mainly history and clinical signs!
PCR from Conjunctiva, Mouth (Lingual ulcer), Skin, Blood
123
Feline Calicivirus \ FHV - Treatment
Clean nasal and ocular secretions
Specific anti-viral treatments (Herpes) - Famciclovir, Lysine
Antibiotics (2nd Infections) - Doxycycline \ Azithromycin \ Augmentin
Fluids, Anti-pyretics
Analgesia
Oxygen, Nebulization
Treat corneal ulcers (Herpes)
124
Feline Chlamydia - Main target organ
Conjunctiva
125
Feline Chlamydia - Clinical signs
Conjunctivitis
Blepharospasm
Eye secretions
Very mild rhinitis with sneezing and secretions
126
Feline Chlamydia - Signalment
Young
2-12 Months old
127
Feline Chlamydia - Diagnosis
Mainly Hx and clinical signs!
Isolation from conjunctival swabs
IFA
PCR from conjunctiva
128
Feline Chlamydia - Treatment
Doxycycline \ Tetracycline
Clean secretions
129
Feline Respiratory Disease Complex - Prevention
Vaccination for:
1) FHV
2) Calicivirus
3) Chlamydia
130
Rabies - What is the only animal that can be an asymptomatic carrier?
Bats
131
Rabies - Mode of transmission
Bites
Contact of infected saliva with lesions
132
Rabies - Pathogenesis
Bite => Virus travels to myocyte cytoplasm => NMJ => PNS => Spinal cord => Brain => Salivary glands
133
Rabies - Incubation period and 2 factors affecting it
10 Days - 1 Year
1) Location of bite (Further from the brain = Longer incubation period)
2) Amount of virus inserted
134
Rabies - When does a dog become contagious in relation to appearance of clinical signs?
2 Weeks before clinical signs appear!
135
Rabies - What are the names of the 4 stages
Prodromal phase
Dumb phase \ Furious phase
Paralytic phase
136
Rabies - Prodromal phase - Clinical signs
Anorexia
Unease
Vomiting
Salivation
Behavioral changes
137
Rabies - Dumb phase - Clinical signs
Depression
Dementia
138
Rabies - Furious phase - Clinical signs
Extreme Unease
Increased vocalization
Extreme aggressiveness
Seizures
Extreme salivation
Aimless walking
139
Rabies - Paralytic phase - Clinical signs
Paresis \ Paralysis
Hydrophobia
Pharyngeal paralysis - Dysphagia
Salivation
Change in vocals
Mandibular Paralysis, Facial paralysis
Head tilt
140
Rabies - Diagnosis
PCR - Saliva \ CSF \ Hair Follicle
Post-mortem: IFA of brain, Identify Negri-bodies in brain, Immunohistochemistry of brain tissue
Biological test - Inject infected material to mice - death after 2 weeks.
141
Rabies - Treatment
Do not treat! Keep in quarantine for 10 days!
142
Rabies - Vaccination in humans - Name the 2 vaccines
Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG) - Passive
Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV) - Active.
143
Rabies - Vaccination in dogs - Regiment
First shot - 12 Weeks
2nd shot - 1 year of age
In endemic countries - Yearly shots
144
Rabies - Prevention
Vaccinate all dogs once a year
Vaccinate wild animals
Deal with roaming dogs
Vaccinate all personal dealing with animals
145
Rabies in cats - Rare\Common?
USA - Common (More than in dogs) - transmitted to cats from raccoons
146
Rabies in cats - Prevention
Vaccine
12 Weeks - first shot
1 year of Age - 2nd Shot
147
When systemic Aspergillosis infection is suspected - What test has a good Sp and Sn for detection of the organism? in what bodily fluids?
Aspergillosis Antigen Test in Serum and Urine
148
In addition to anemia (Regenerative), what other CBC change is common in Babesiosis?
Thrombocytopenia
149
FIP - Signalment, Clinical signa and classic labwork findings
Young (~1y.o.) or aging (~10-12y.o) cats from multiple cat household. C.S.
Anorexia/Hyporexia
Lethargy
Fever
Weight loss
Jaundice
Dyspnea
Ascites
Could also present with other multiple classical c.s. in the dry form - depending on the location of the lesions (e.g. kidney, liver, CNS, Ocular)
Classical Lab findings:
Neutrophilia
Non-regenerative anemia
Hyperbilirubinemia
Hyperglobulinemia (Polyclonal)
Hypoalbuminemia
Effusion: Non-septic exudate (TS <3 g/dL) consisting mainly of reactive macrophages and neutrophils..
