Veterinary Pharmacology Part 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects

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2
Q

Carbachol

A

Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis

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3
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic agonist
N > M
No clinical uses

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4
Q

Muscarine

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects

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5
Q

Bethanechol

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Stimulate urination and gut motility

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6
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis

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7
Q

Organophosphates/carbamate insecticides

A

Cholinomimetics
N = M
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Cholinergic effects

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8
Q

Edrophonium

A

Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Enhance motor function

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9
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Reversal for paralysis caused by NMB drugs

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10
Q

Atropine

A

Anticholinergic
M&raquo_space; N
Used to treat bradycardia, organophosphate toxicity, cause mydriasis, and for RAO in horses

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11
Q

Ipratropium

A

Cholinergic antagonist

M&raquo_space; N

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12
Q

Hexamethonium

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NN&raquo_space; NM&raquo_space; M
Ganglionic blocker

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13
Q

Trimethaphan

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NN > NM &raquo_space; M
Ganglionic blocker

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14
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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15
Q

Pancuronium

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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16
Q

Succinyl choline

A

Cholinergic agonist –> antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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17
Q

Black widow spider venom

A

Cholinomimetic
Increases synaptic release of Ach
Causes muscle rigidity

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18
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cholinolytic
Inhibits synaptic release of Ach
Causes flaccid paralysis

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19
Q

Epinephrine

A
Adrenergic agonist
a1 = a2; B1 = B2
Positive chronotropic effect
Decreased diastolic BP
Bronchodilation
Emergency cardiac support and treatment for anaphylaxis
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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A
Adrenergic agonist
a1 = a2; B1 > B2
Reflexive bradycardia
Increased BP
Cardiac and hemodynamic support
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21
Q

Isoproterenol

A
Adrenergic agonist
B1 = B2 > a
Decreased diastolic BP
Bronchodilation
Emergency cardiac support
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22
Q

Dopamine

A

Adrenergic agonist
D1 > B1 = B2 > a
Vasodilation
Prevent renal ischemia during shock

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23
Q

Dobutamine

A
Adrenergic agonist
B1 > B2 > a
Increased heart rate
Positive inotrope
Cardiac support
Treat hypotension
Acute treatment of severe heart failure
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24
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist
a1 > a2&raquo_space; B
Increased BP
Treat hypotension

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25
Terbutaline
Adrenergic agonist B2 > B1 >> a Bronchodilation Longer-lasting than isoproterenol
26
Clenbuterol
``` Adrenergic agonist B2 > B1 >> a Bronchodilation Treat asthma/RAO in horses Prevent early labor Banned in food animals Increases skeletal muscle blood flow and lipolysis May be used as a non-steroidal anabolic drug ```
27
Salbutamol/albuterol
Adrenergic agonist B2 > B1 >> a Bronchodilation Treat asthma and acute bronchoconstriction
28
Salmeterol
Adrenergic agonist B2 > B1 >> a Bronchodilation Not used in veterinary medicine
29
Mirabegron
Adrenergic agonist B3 > B1 >> B2 >> a May cause lipolysis Not used in veterinary medicine
30
Prazosin
``` Adrenergic antagonist a1 >>>> a2 Arteriolar vasodilation Reduced afterload Antihypertensive Treat heart failure ```
31
Phenoxybenzamine
Adrenergic antagonist a1 > a2 Vasodilation Antihypertensive
32
Phentolamine
Adrenergic antagonist a1 = a2, B1 = B2 Vasodilation Antihypertensive
33
Labetalol, carvedilol
Adrenergic antagonist B1 = B2 >= a1 > a2 Vasodilation Treat heart failure
34
Metoprolol, acebutalol, atenolol
``` Adrenergic antagonist / Class II anti-arrhythmics B1 >>>> B2 Decrease pulse pressure / BP Prevent renin release Decrease heart rate and improve CO Antihypertensive Treat supraventricular tachycardia Treat heart failure ```
35
Propanolol, timolol
B1 = B2 Decrease heart rate Treat heart failure
36
Amphetamine
Sympathomimetic | Increased synaptic release of NE/dopa/serotonin
37
Cocaine
Sympathomimetic | Decreased synaptic reuptake of NE
38
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Sympathomimetic Decreased metabolism of NE Increased BP Antihypotensives
39
Digoxin
Inhibits Na/K ATPase on cardiac cells and secondarily increases intracellular Ca via Na/Ca exchanger Positive inotrope Negative chronotrope and dromotrope Treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation
40
Pimobendan
Phsophodiesterase inhibitor (PDE3 and PDE5) Positive inotrope Vasodilator Treat heart failure
41
Enalapril Benazapril Imidipril
ACE inhibitors Reduce antiotensin II and reduces aldosterone release Arteriolar vasodilation Treat heart failure
42
Valsartan | Telmisartan
AT1 receptor antagonists Inhibits angiotensin 2 action and reduces aldosterone release Vasodilation Treat heart failure
43
Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside
Exogenous sources of NO Vasodilation (reduce preload) Treat heart failure
44
Hydralazine
Decrease vascular smooth muscle calcium Artiolar and venous dilation (reduce preload and afterload) Treat heart failure
45
Sildenafil
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE5) Vasodilation in lung Increase penile circulation Possible treatment for heart failure
46
Quinidine, lidocaine, procainamide
``` Class 1 antiarrhythmics Na channel inhibitors Prolong QRS Negative chronotropes Reduce myocyte excitability Treat ventricular arrhythmias (tachycardias) and some supreventricular arrhythmias ```
47
Amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol
``` Class III antiarrhythmics K channel inhibitors Prolong depolarization phase Negative chronotrope Treat refractory ventricular tachycardias ```
48
Verapamil | Diltiazem
``` Class IV antiarrhythmics Ca channel inhibitors Slow spontaneous depolarization of pacemakers Treat supraventricular tachycardia Treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ```
49
Furosemide
``` Loop diuretic Inhibits Na/K/Cl symporter in ascending LOH May lead to hypokalemia Acute relief of edema Adjunct treatment heart failure ```
50
Hydrochlorthiazide
Thiazide diuretic Inhibits Na/Cl symporter in early distal tubule Not as common in veterinary medicine May treat heart failure if caught early
51
Spironolactone
``` K-sparing diuretic Aldosterone antagonist May lead to hyperkalemia Treat heart failure where elevated aldosterone is a problem Combat hypokalemia ```
52
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic | Emergency treatment of increased intracranial pressure
53
Prednisolone sodium succinate
Fast-acting steroid Decrease inflammation Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
54
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Fast-acting steroid | Decrease inflammation
55
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate
Fast-acting steroid Decrease inflammation Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
56
Prednisolone acetate
Slow-acting steroid Decrease inflammation Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
57
Methylprednisolone acetate
Slow-acting steroid | Decrease inflammation
58
Isoflupredone acetate
Slow-acting steroid | May cause hyperkalemia (mineralocorticoid effect0
59
Fluticasone
Inhalant steroid Decrease severity of inflammatory airway disease signs Decrease airway response to allergens Prevent airway wall remodelling
60
Pyrilamine
``` 1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies ```
61
Diphenhydramine
``` 1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies ```
62
Dimenhydrinate
``` 1st generation antihistamine Antagonist atH1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies ```
63
Chlorpheniramine
``` 1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Sedation Antidepressant properties Used in human cold medications ```
64
Trimeprazine
1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Skin allergies (+ prednisone = Vanectyl-P)
65
Clemastine, hydroxyzine, cetirazine
1st generation antihistamines Antagonists at H1 receptors Not used in veterinary medicine
66
Loratadine, cetirazine
2nd generation antihistamines Antagonists at H1 receptors Non-drowsy Not used in veterinary medicine
67
Desloratidine, levocetirazine
3rd generation antihistamines Antagonists at H1 receptors Non-drowsy Not used in veterinary medicine
68
Cyproheptatidine
``` Antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Antagonist at serotonin (5HT) receptors Treat photic head shaking in horses Appetite stimulant in cats (not great) Also not great for treatment of feline airway inflammation ```
69
Cremolyn sodium
Antihistamine Mast-cell stabilizing agent No longer used
70
Theophylline
Methylxanthine (similar to caffeine and theobromine) Phosphodiesterase inhibitor in blood vessels Bronchodilation (not a great choice) Tachycardia Diuresis (ADH inhibition) CNS stimulation
71
Zafirlukast, montelukast
``` Leukotriene receptor antagonist Decrease severity of airway inflammatory symptoms Decrease airway response to allergens Prevent airway wall remodelling Not effective in veterinary species ```