veterinary urinalysis

Question 1

the easiest to collect and are often brought in
by owners.

Answer 1

free catch

Question 2

best sample for analysis

Answer 2

midstream, first-morning collection

Question 3

can be performed if a free catch
sample is not possible

Answer 3

Bladder expression

Question 4

involves inserting a rubber catheter into the urethra and feeding it up to the bladder of the patient to collect a sample

Answer 4

Catheterization

Question 5

• high amount of contamination of cells, bacteria and debris from the genitourinary tract, surrounding fur and the environment
• sample is unsuitable for culture

Answer 5

disadvantages of free catch

Question 6

• excessive pressure can result in trauma to the patient.
• does not contain sufficient quantities of urine
• same amount of contamination seen as with voided sample
• sample is unsuitable for culture

Answer 6

disadvantages of bladder expression

Question 7

• increased risk of an iatrogenic infection or trauma
• difficult to perform in female animals

Answer 7

disadvantages of catheterization

Question 8

another method for collecting a sterile urine sample,
and therefore is appropriate for bacterial culture

Answer 8

Cystocentesis

Question 9

procedure should only be performed on quiet, easily restrained
animals.

Answer 9

Cystocentesis

Question 10

• requires adequate volume of urine within the bladder
• may cause microscopic hematuria

Answer 10

disadvantage of Cystocentesis

Question 11

urine can be preserved up to

Answer 11

6 hours

Question 12

urine should be examine within

Answer 12

20 minutes

Question 13

will inhibit bacterial growth, thus
avoiding changes caused by the actions of microbes

Answer 13

freezing

Question 14

organic solvent that can be used to preserve a urine sample.

Answer 14

Toluene

Question 15

prevents microbial growth, therefore preserving the cellular
integrity of various structures within the sample.

Answer 15

40% formalin

Question 16

sample will inhibit bacterial growth.

Answer 16

0.8% boric acid

Question 17

designed to inhibit microbes and
control the pH of a urine sample, usually for a period of up to 5 days

Answer 17

Commercial preservation tablets

Question 18

physical examination of urine consists of assessing

Answer 18

• volume
• color
• turbidity
• odor
• specific gravity

Question 19

An accurate representation of urine volume should be assessed over a
period

Answer 19

24 hours

Question 20

Normal daily urine output can be calculated using a rate of

Answer 20

1 ml/kg/h

Question 21

Increased amounts of urine volume

Answer 21

Polyuria

Question 22

Decreased amounts of urine volume

Answer 22

Oliguria

Question 23

No urine production

Answer 23

anuria

Question 24

straw colored

Answer 24

normal

Question 25

colorless-pale

Answer 25

dilute urine

Question 26

deep yellow

Answer 26

concentrated urine ; bilirubinuria

Question 27

orange-red

Answer 27

hematuria, hemoglobinuria

Question 28

red-brown

Answer 28

myoglobinuria

Question 29

milky white

Answer 29

pyuria

Question 30

refers to the “cloudiness” of urine

Answer 30

Turbidity

Question 31

increase in turbidity in the urine can be caused by

Answer 31

cellular elements, crystals, microorganisms, mucous.

Question 32

The urine of intact male animals, especially cats and goats, is often quite strong and should be described as such.

Answer 32

strong odor

Question 33

Ammonia-scented urine can be associated with cystitis. Some species of bacteria metabolize urea in the urine to ammonia, producing a distinguishing odor.

Answer 33

Ammonia

Question 34

smelling urine is associated with the degradation of protein. This can occur during infections, and should be confirmed with further testing

Answer 34

Putrid

Question 35

Increased ketones present in the urine give off a fruity odor. This odor may also be noticed on the patient’s breath when they are in a state of ketosis

Answer 35

Fruity

Question 36

determined by assessing the density of a liquid (in this case, urine) compared with the density of distilled water

Answer 36

Specific gravity

Question 37

The SG of the urine is higher than the glomerular filtrate (dogs: >1.030; cats: >1.035

Answer 37

Hypersthenuria

Question 38

The SG of the urine is lower than the glomerular filtrate (<1.008).

Answer 38

Hyposthenuria

Question 39

The SG of the urine is equal to that of the glomerular filtrate (1.008–1.012).

Answer 39

Isosthenuria

Question 40

term used to describe glucose

Answer 40

glucosuria

Question 41

available to test for the presence of bilirubin in a urine sample

Answer 41

ictotest tablet

Question 42

three ketone bodies

Answer 42

acetone, acetoacetic acid beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 43

Most reagent strips are sensitive to _______ acid, less sensitive to ______, and do not detect _____

Answer 43

acetoacetic acetone β-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 44

individual tablet tests for ketones

Answer 44

acetest

Question 45

Reagent strips are not specific for any particular _____

Answer 45

protein

Question 46

Leukocytes present in the urine are termed

Answer 46

pyuria

Question 47

final step of a complete urinalysis.

Answer 47

sediment examination

Question 48

examined and evaluated as the average number seen per low power (10×) field

Answer 48

Casts

Question 49

evaluated as the average number seen per high power field (40×).

Answer 49

Red blood cells and white blood cells

Question 50

examined under high power (40×), and reported as occasional (1+), few (2+), moderate (3+), or many (4+).

Answer 50

elements, such as bacteria and crystals

Question 51

acceptable stool sample

Answer 51

fresh sample

Question 52

unacceptable sample

Answer 52

samples obtained later from the yard, pen, litter box

Question 53

a collection of fecal samples obtained from a group of animals that are housed together

Answer 53

pooled samples

Question 54

Gross examination

Answer 54

- consistency - color - blood - mucous - gross parasites

Question 55

detect parasite ova or oocysts in the patient’s sample.

Answer 55

microscopic examination.

Question 56

This technique is particularly useful for viewing live, motile, trophozoites.

Answer 56

direct fecal smear

Question 57

use the differences in specific gravity of para-site eggs and cysts from that of fecal debris and the solution.

Answer 57

simple fecal flotation

Question 58

common flotation medium

Answer 58

sodium nitrate solution

Question 59

This technique is more efficient at recovering parasite ova from a sample

Answer 59

centrifugation technique

Question 60

type of centrifuge used

Answer 60

variable angle centrifuhe or horizontal centrifuge

Question 61

used to recover parasite larvae, not ova.

Answer 61

baermann technique

Question 62

Nematodes: common name site of infection

Answer 62

roundworm small intestine