VETERINARY URINALYSIS Flashcards
(55 cards)
SAMPLE COLLECTION
- FREE CATCH (VOIDED SAMPLE)
- BLADDER EXPRESSION
- CATHETERIZATION
- CYSTOCENTESIS
• ______________ ARE THE EASIEST TO COLLECT AND ARE OFTEN BROUGHT IN BY OWNERS.
• THEY ARE AN ADEQUATE SAMPLE FOR ROUTINE URINALYSIS.
• A MIDSTREAM, FIRST-MORNING COLLECTION WILL
FREE CATCH (VOIDED SAMPLE)
Free catch (voided sample) Advantages
- No risk or complications to the patient.
- Can be used by the client.
Free catch (voided sample) Disadvantages
- High amount of contamination of cells, bacteria and debris from the genitourinary tract, surrounding fur and the environment.
- Sample is unsuitable for culture.
• IN SMALL ANIMALS, _________________ CAN BE PERFORMED IF A FREE CATCH SAMPLE IS NOT POSSIBLE.
• THIS COLLECTION METHOD PROVIDES AN ADEQUATE SAMPLE FOR ROUTINE URINALYSIS.
BLADDER EXPRESSION
BLADDER EXPRESSION Advantages
- Decreased risk of trauma (if done correctly).
- Sample can be obtained when needed.
BLADDER EXPRESSION Disadvantages
- Excessive pressure can result in trauma to the patient.
- If the bladder does not contain sufficient quantities of urine at the time, expression may not be successful.
- Same amount of contamination seen as with a voided sample.
- Sample is unsuitable for culture
• ______________ INVOLVES INSERTING A RUBBER CATHETER INTO THE URETHRA AND FEEDING IT UP TO THE BLADDER OF THE PATIENT TO COLLECT A SAMPLE.
• A STERILE SYRINGE IS ATTACHED TO THE END OF THE CATHETER AND URINE IS DRAWN OUT.
CATHETERIZATION
CATHETERIZATION Advantages
- Sample is collected in a sterile manner; therefore, it is suitable for culture.
- Can collect urine sample when bladder volume is low.
CATHETERIZATION Disadvantages
- Increased risk of an iatrogenic infection or trauma.
- Difficult to perform in female animals.
• _______________ IS ANOTHER METHOD FOR COLLECTING A STERILE URINE SAMPLE, AND THEREFORE IS APPROPRIATE FOR BACTERIAL
CULTURE.
• THE PROCEDURE SHOULD ONLY BE PERFORMED ON QUIET, EASILY RESTRAINED ANIMALS.
CYSTOCENTESIS
CYSTOCENTESIS Advantages
- Less of a risk of causing an iatrogenic infection (compared with catheterization).
- No contamination of urine; therefore, the sample is suitable for culture.
CYSTOCENTESIS Disadvantages
- Requires adequate volume of urine within the bladder.
- May cause microscopic hematuria.
SAMPLE PRESERVATION
- REFRIGERATION
- FREEZING
- TOLUENE
- FORMALIN (40%)
- BORIC ACID (0.8%)
- COMMERCIAL PRESERVATION TABLETS
• FRESH URINE SHOULD BE EXAMINED WITHIN 20 MINUTES OF COLLECTION.
• IF THAT IS NOT POSSIBLE, THEN A METHOD OF
PRESERVATION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED.
SAMPLE PRESERVATION
• ______________ A URINE SAMPLE IS AN ADEQUATE FORM OF PRESERVATION FOR UP TO 6 HOURS.
REFRIGERATION
• PRESERVING URINE BY ____________ WILL INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH, THUS AVOIDING CHANGES CAUSED BY THE ACTIONS OF MICROBES.
FREEZING
• ____________ IS AN ORGANIC SOLVENT THAT
CAN BE USED TO PRESERVE A URINE SAMPLE.
TOLUENE
• ____________ PREVENTS MICROBIAL GROWTH, THEREFORE PRESERVING THE CELLULAR INTEGRITY OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITHIN THE SAMPLE.
FORMALIN (40%)
• THE ADDITION OF ____________ TO A SAMPLE WILL INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH.
BORIC ACID (0.8%)
• _______________ ARE DESIGNED TO INHIBIT MICROBES AND CONTROL THE PH OF A URINE SAMPLE, USUALLY FOR A PERIOD OF UP TO 5 DAYS.
COMMERCIAL PRESERVATION TABLETS
• THE ____________________ CONSISTS OF ASSESSING THE VOLUME, COLOR, TURBIDITY, ODOR, AND SG OF A URINE SAMPLE.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
- VOLUME
- COLOR
- TURBIDITY
- ODOR
- SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
- HYPERSTHENURIA
- HYPOSTHENURIA
• AN ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF URINE
___________ SHOULD BE ASSESSED OVER A PERIOD OF 24 HOURS.
• NORMAL DAILY URINE OUTPUT CAN BE
CALCULATED USING A RATE OF 1 ML/KG/H
• TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO URINE __________
VOLUME
