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level 3 variations in health midterm > VH Level 4 Final Exam Review > Flashcards

VH Level 4 Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is shock

A

inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients as well as inadequate removal of waste products from the body’s tissues

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2
Q

What are the types of shock

A

Septic
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic

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3
Q

Stages of shock

A

1) Compensatory
2) Progressive
3) irreversible

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4
Q

What can build up due to anaerobic metabolosm

A

Lactic acid

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5
Q

Anaerobic

A

Not requiring oxygen

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6
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen

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7
Q

What is the minimum amount of urine output

A

30mL/hr

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8
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Too much calcium in the blood

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9
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Too little calcium in the blood

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10
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease (genetic)

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11
Q

S&S of a CVA

A

Think: FAST
FACE - Sudden weakness or numbness to one side of the body or face
ARMS - raise arms - does one drop down?
SPEECH -slurred words or loss of speech
TIME - call 911

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12
Q

Compartment syndrome S&S

A

-No pulse thready pulse
-Swelling
-parathesis
-decrease circulation cool to touch decreased sensation numbness - cwms color warmth sensation movement
-Five p’s

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13
Q

GERD S&S

A

(gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Burning sensation in chest after eating that worsens when lying down
Backwash of food or sour liquid
Upper abdominal or chest pain
Dysphasia(trouble swallowing)
Lump in the throat sensation

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14
Q

Tachycardia

A

A faster racing heartbeat

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15
Q

Tachypnea

A

Abnormally fast breathing

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16
Q

Oliguria

A

less urination than normal

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17
Q

Acidosis

A

A distinctly abnormal condition resulting from the depletion of alkaline reserves in the body

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18
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

a serious allergic reaction that affects a number of different areas of the body at one time can be fatal

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19
Q

Cardiogenic

A

Shock due to low blood output by the heart often seen in conjunction with heart failure

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20
Q

Cyanosis

A

A term for a bluish color of the skin and the mucous membrane due to an insufficient level of oxygen in the blood

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21
Q

Hypovolemic

A

Shock due to a decrease in blood volume from bleeding loss of plasma through severe burns or dehydration

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22
Q

Perfusion

A

A flow of blood or other perfusate fluid per unit volume of tissue

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23
Q

Sepsis

A

A potentially deadly infection

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24
Q

Toxemia

A

When bacteria/ endotoxins from bowel are absorbed into circulation

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25
Q

Pericardial tamponade

A

Large amount of fluid inside the pericardial sac

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26
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

The accumulation of air under pressure in the pleural space

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27
Q

Acute pulmonary hypertension

A

A condition where high blood pressure affects arteries of the lungs and right side of the heart results in chest pain and shortness of breath maybe dangerous or life threatening

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28
Q

Urticarial

A

Raised itchy area of skin that is usually a sign of an allergic reaction

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29
Q

Pruritus

A

Medical term for itchy skin

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30
Q

Angioedema

A

Similar to urticaria but affects the deeper skin layers

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31
Q

Type of shock that leads to infection

A

Septic shock

32
Q

Septic shock

A

Caused by overwhelming infection usually by bacteria

33
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Meaning problems associated with the heart’s functioning

34
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

The total volume of blood available to circulate the body is decreased

35
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Caused by an overwhelming allergic reaction usually caused by a systemic response

36
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Damage to the nervous system due to a spinal cord injury the most common cause

37
Q

Type of shock that targets heart issues

A

Cardiogenic shock

38
Q

Type of shock that affects blood volume and blood circulation

A

Hypovolemic shock

39
Q

Type of shock that involves damage to the nervous system and spinal cord injury

A

Neurogenic shock

40
Q

Common causes of neurogenic shock

A

Spinal cord injuries

41
Q

Causes of fluid loss

A

Hemorrhage
vomiting
diarrhea
use of diuretics
sweating (dehydration)

42
Q

Causes of fluid gain

A

CHF
fluid overload (IV fluids)
increase sodium intake
cirrhosis of liver
renal failure (CKD, AKI)

43
Q

Is religion a component of culture? Y/N

A
44
Q

State 5 things you know about shock

A

1) All systems are affected
2) is life threatening; risk for circulatory collapse and death
3) requires rapid, comprehensive intervention
4)may develop rapidly or slowly depending on the underlying cause
5) any insult to the body can create a cascade of events resulting in poor tissue perfusion

45
Q

Blood pressure and tissue perfusion is maintained by what three mechanisms

A

Adequate blood volume
effective cardiac pump
effective blood vessels

46
Q

The body is able to compensate for the failure of ______ of these mechanisms.

A

One

47
Q

Less common causes of neurogenic shock

A

Autonomic nervous system toxins
Guillan Barre syndrome
spinal anesthesia
transverse myelitis

48
Q

What is typically given to treat shingles signs and symptoms

A

Antivirals –>ivir

49
Q

What occurs in the compensatory stage of shock

A

Fight or flight
BP with a normal range
cold and clammy skin
increased heart rate –>vasoconstriction
body starts to shunt blood from some organs to vital organs –>heart, lungs, brain

50
Q

What occurs during the Progressive stage of shock

A

BP drops
hypoperfusion
anaerobic mechanisms
heart is overworked

51
Q

What occurs during the irreversible stage of shock

A

BP remains low
irreversible organ damage –>liver and kidneys first to go
tissues and body become a necrotic–> toxin buildup
Lactic acid buildup due to anaerobic metabolism
Death

52
Q

_____ and ______ are released from the Adrenal medulla, causing the heart to beat faster and stronger

A

Epinephrine ;
norepinephrine

53
Q

What three things raise blood glucose levels to supply cells with fuel in the body

A

Epinephrine cortisol glucagon

54
Q

What system when stimulated causes vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention which decreases further fluid loss

A

The renin Angiotensin aldosterone system

55
Q

Inadequate blood flow causes oxygen deprivation in tissues cellular metabolism shifts from ____ to ____ in an effort to continue to receive nutrients and energy

A

Aerobic ;
Anaerobic

56
Q

What bed positioning is used to get blood pressure up

A

Trendelenburg

57
Q

Why do student nursing students study cultural assessments

A

Allows nurses to adapt care to the patient’s cultural needs and preferences

-nurses who assess their patients cultural beliefs values and practices are better able to individualize care and Achieve positive outcomes

  • cultural assessment and cultural orientation orientated care enable the nurse to identify ways with which the client’s culture and its features impact on their perceptions, beliefs, values, experiences, with health, wellness, illness, suffering, and even death
58
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice where we tend to believe their own culture ethnic group race or Superior to others

59
Q

Brain cells die within _____minutes from lack of oxygen and glucose.

A

4 minutes

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of IDDM

A

-more thirsty than usual
-urinating a lot
-very hungry
- losing weight without trying
-irritable or having other mood changes
-tired

61
Q

Signs and symptoms of AKI

A

Oliguria
weight gain
anorexia
edema in the lower extremities
lung cracks
irregular heartbeat
decreased urine output
thirst
confusion
nausea + vomiting

62
Q

Signs and symptoms of BPH

A

(enlarged prostate- benign prostate hyoerplasia)
Frequent urge to urinate
Peeing more at night
Weak urine stream
Dribbling at the end of urination
Not able to fully empty bladder

63
Q

Signs and symptoms of CHF

A

SOB
Fatigue +weakness
Swelling
Weight gain
Nausea
Reduces ability to exercise
Difficulty sleeping while lying flat

64
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

When you have diabetes and don’t get enough insulin and get dehydrated your body burns fat instead of carbs as fuel that makes ketones lots of ketones in your blood turn it acidic. people who drink a lot of alcohol for a long time and don’t eat enough also build up ketones it can happen when you aren’t eating at all too

65
Q

What are the levels of ketoacidosis

A

Blood sugar levels are higher than 300mg/dL or 16.7 mmol/L

66
Q

Metabolic acidosis treatment

A

Detoxification if you have drug or alcohol poisoning
insulin if you have dka
IV fluids given by needle through a vein in your arm
sodium bicarbonate by IV or
you might have to go to the hospital

67
Q

What are the normal levels of metabolic acidosis

A

PH under 7.35 (acidic)

68
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal gas exchange between carbon dioxide and oxygen

69
Q

Hyperventilation

A

A state of ventilation in EXCESS of that required to eliminate the normal venous carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

70
Q

Hypoventilation

A

When alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demands or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

71
Q

______ is usually the first sign of shock

A

Tachycardia

72
Q

ARDS

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory failure despite high levels of supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation

73
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Occurs as a cause or complication of shock
Widespread clotting and bleeding
Bruises (ecchymosis) and bleeding (petechiae) may appear in the skin

74
Q

MODS

A

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Major cause of death following shock - failure of one organ increases the rate of failure of another
-begins with respiratory then kidneys hurt liver and finally cerebral and Gi

75
Q

Shock is classified by what 4 cardiovascular characteristics

A

Hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive extracardiac
distributive

level 3 variations in health midterm (3 decks)

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